← Back to the report

Full evidence — RUN_2026-09-23_10

Question: Who was responsible for shooting down Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 in 2014?

Complete answers for every model, language and answer round in this run. English translations are shown where available; where they are not, the original text is shown and was not compared.

One answer round means asking the model once in every tested language.

Fact source evidence

Government of the Netherlands; Joint Investigation Team (JIT)

Russia is responsible for the downing of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17: the missile system used was supplied by Russia’s 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade, and the flight was shot down over eastern Ukraine on 17 July 2014.

URL: https://www.government.nl/themes/justice-security-and-defence/mh17-incident/achieving-justice/russia-responsible-for-downing-of-flight-mh17
Final URL: https://www.government.nl/themes/justice-security-and-defence/mh17-incident/achieving-justice/russia-responsible-for-downing-of-flight-mh17
Retrieved: 2026-09-23T19:56:00.934459+00:00
Saved copy SHA-256: 74142e08e7c3506565b87c08061945a5654eee99dba51624a73ea7b579bdbfea
Exact source quote, page 1: “The Joint Investigation Team (JIT) concluded that the Buk installation that was used to down Flight MH17 came from a Russian army unit.”

Q005

Claude Sonnet 5

Repeated check: one answer round only. The report shows answer round 1.

English — answer round 1

Web access: Used — OpenRouter search

Pages the model opened: - Russia must assume responsibility for MH17 downing: UN aviation agency | MH17 News | Al Jazeera - UN aviation council finds Russia responsible for downing of Malaysia Airlines flight | UN News - Russia declared legally responsible for shooting down Malaysia flight - Who shot down Malaysian Airlines flight MH17? | Britannica - UN aviation council finds Russia responsible for downing of Malaysia Airlines flight | UN News - UN aviation council finds Russia responsible for downing of Malaysia Airlines flight | UN News - UN aviation council finds Russia responsible for downing of Malaysia Airlines flight | UN News - Russia responsible for downing of MH17 over Ukraine, ECHR rules - ABC News - Russia responsible for downing of MH17 over Ukraine, ECHR rules - ABC News - Netherlands, Australia formally accuse Russia of downing MH17 - Russia responsible for downing of MH17 over Ukraine, ECHR rules - ABC News

English translation

Who Was Responsible for MH17

Multiple international investigations and legal bodies have concluded that Russia bears responsibility for shooting down Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 on July 17, 2014, killing all 298 passengers and crew as it flew from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur.

The mechanism: The Malaysian Airlines Boeing 777 was hit by a Russian-made BUK surface-to-air missile over eastern Ukraine's Donetsk region, where pro-Russian separatists were fighting Ukrainian forces. Investigators specifically traced the weapon's origin: The Joint Investigation Team determined that flight MH17 was shot down by a missile launched from a Buk TELAR installation that was transported from Russia to a farm field in eastern Ukraine in an area controlled by separatists. Earlier findings had pinpointed the unit further, with a Dutch-led international team of investigators saying they had strong evidence that the Buk missile system came from a Russia-based military unit, the 53rd anti-aircraft missile brigade based in the Russian city of Kursk.

Individuals convicted: In November 2022, a criminal trial resulted in convictions. A Dutch court found three men guilty of murder in the downing of MH17: Igor Girkin, a former colonel with the Russian Federal Security Service; Sergey Dubinskiy, a former member of Russia's GRU; and Leonid Kharchenko, a Ukrainian who headed a Russian-backed separatist unit. The three men, who were tried in absentia, were sentenced to life in prison. Notably, another Russian man was acquitted in that same trial.

State responsibility rulings: Beyond individual criminal liability, international bodies have formally held the Russian state accountable:

• In May 2025, the council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) voted that Russia failed to uphold its obligations under international air law which requires that States "refrain from resorting to the use of weapons against civil aircraft in flight." This was historic, as it represented the first time in ICAO's history that its Council had made a determination on the merits of a dispute between Member States under the Organization's dispute settlement mechanism.

• In July 2025, Europe's top human rights court ruled unanimously that Russia was responsible for downing Malaysian Airlines Flight 17 (MH17), killing all 298 passengers and crew on board.

Russia's position: Russia has consistently rejected all findings. Russia has always denied responsibility, disputing findings from official investigations that the Russian military had supplied the surface-to-air missiles to Ukrainian separatists. Russian officials have instead pointed blame at Ukraine — the Russian defence ministry accused Ukraine of being behind the disaster, saying it had presented evidence that "showed the involvement of Ukrainian units using (Soviet-designed) BUK missiles." Following the 2025 ECHR ruling, the Kremlin labelled it "null and void."

In summary: While Russia continues to deny involvement and has offered alternative explanations blaming Ukraine, the consensus of independent international investigations (the Dutch-led Joint Investigation Team), a Dutch criminal court, the UN's ICAO, and the European Court of Human Rights all point to Russia as responsible—both through the actions of Russian-backed separatist commanders convicted of murder, and through the Russian state's provision of the Buk missile system used in the attack.

Original text

Who Was Responsible for MH17

Multiple international investigations and legal bodies have concluded that Russia bears responsibility for shooting down Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 on July 17, 2014, killing all 298 passengers and crew as it flew from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur.

The mechanism: The Malaysian Airlines Boeing 777 was hit by a Russian-made BUK surface-to-air missile over eastern Ukraine's Donetsk region, where pro-Russian separatists were fighting Ukrainian forces. Investigators specifically traced the weapon's origin: The Joint Investigation Team determined that flight MH17 was shot down by a missile launched from a Buk TELAR installation that was transported from Russia to a farm field in eastern Ukraine in an area controlled by separatists. Earlier findings had pinpointed the unit further, with a Dutch-led international team of investigators saying they had strong evidence that the Buk missile system came from a Russia-based military unit, the 53rd anti-aircraft missile brigade based in the Russian city of Kursk.

Individuals convicted: In November 2022, a criminal trial resulted in convictions. A Dutch court found three men guilty of murder in the downing of MH17: Igor Girkin, a former colonel with the Russian Federal Security Service; Sergey Dubinskiy, a former member of Russia's GRU; and Leonid Kharchenko, a Ukrainian who headed a Russian-backed separatist unit. The three men, who were tried in absentia, were sentenced to life in prison. Notably, another Russian man was acquitted in that same trial.

State responsibility rulings: Beyond individual criminal liability, international bodies have formally held the Russian state accountable:

• In May 2025, the council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) voted that Russia failed to uphold its obligations under international air law which requires that States "refrain from resorting to the use of weapons against civil aircraft in flight." This was historic, as it represented the first time in ICAO's history that its Council had made a determination on the merits of a dispute between Member States under the Organization's dispute settlement mechanism.

• In July 2025, Europe's top human rights court ruled unanimously that Russia was responsible for downing Malaysian Airlines Flight 17 (MH17), killing all 298 passengers and crew on board.

Russia's position: Russia has consistently rejected all findings. Russia has always denied responsibility, disputing findings from official investigations that the Russian military had supplied the surface-to-air missiles to Ukrainian separatists. Russian officials have instead pointed blame at Ukraine — the Russian defence ministry accused Ukraine of being behind the disaster, saying it had presented evidence that "showed the involvement of Ukrainian units using (Soviet-designed) BUK missiles." Following the 2025 ECHR ruling, the Kremlin labelled it "null and void."

In summary: While Russia continues to deny involvement and has offered alternative explanations blaming Ukraine, the consensus of independent international investigations (the Dutch-led Joint Investigation Team), a Dutch criminal court, the UN's ICAO, and the European Court of Human Rights all point to Russia as responsible—both through the actions of Russian-backed separatist commanders convicted of murder, and through the Russian state's provision of the Buk missile system used in the attack.

Armenian — answer round 1

Web access: Used — OpenRouter search

Pages the model opened: - The downing of MH17, and Russia’s responsibility - The downing of MH17, and Russia’s responsibility - The downing of MH17, and Russia’s responsibility - Three men convicted over downing of MH17 in eastern Ukraine in early days of Russia's war - CBS News - From the editor - UN aviation council finds Russia responsible for downing of Malaysia Airlines flight | UN News - UN aviation council finds Russia responsible for downing of Malaysia Airlines flight | UN News

English translation

The shooting down of MH17 in July 2014

On July 17, 2014, Malaysia Airlines flight MH17, flying from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur, was shot down over eastern Ukraine in the Donetsk region, resulting in the deaths of all 298 people on board the aircraft.

Investigation results

According to the conclusion of the Joint Investigation Team (JIT) led by the Netherlands, in May 2018 the JIT announced that the Buk missile that shot down MH17 came from Russia's 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade, located in the Kursk region. The Buk system had been transported to a field near Pervomaiske, in Russian-controlled territory in Donetsk, and a few days after the crash, the system was returned to Russia with one missile missing.

The verdict (2022)

On November 17, 2022, the Hague court handed down a verdict: The District Court of The Hague found three men guilty in absentia of shooting down MH17—Russian fighter Igor Girkin, his subordinate Sergei Dubinsky, and Leonid Kharchenko, a Ukrainian who had joined the Russian proxy forces. The fourth defendant, Russian citizen Oleg Pulatov, was acquitted due to lack of evidence.

The court also clarified the actual reality; presiding judge Hendrik Steenhuis stated that the court finds that MH17 was shot down by a Russian-made Buk missile, and that the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic, where the downing took place, was under the control of the Russian Federation.

The court also ruled that Russian citizens Igor Girkin and Sergei Dubinsky, as well as Ukrainian citizen Leonid Kharchenko, were sentenced to life imprisonment and ordered to pay 60 million euros in compensation to the victims' relatives.

Decision of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

More recently, in what was the first time in ICAO's history, the council issued a decision on the merits of a dispute between states within the framework of the Organization's dispute settlement mechanism. It focused on allegations that Russia's actions in shooting down the aircraft with a surface-to-air missile in eastern Ukraine constituted a violation of the Convention on International Civil Aviation.

In summary — the international investigation and the Hague court concluded that MH17 was shot down by a Russian Buk missile system operated by pro-Russian separatists in Ukraine's Donetsk region, and the circumstances indicate that Russia had overall control over that territory. Russia has consistently denied responsibility for this event.

Original text

MH17-ի խոցումը՝ 2014 թ. հուլիսին

2014 թվականի հուլիսի 17-ին Malaysia Airlines-ի MH17 չվերթը, որը թռչում էր Ամսթերդամից Կուալա Լումպուր, խոցվեց Ուկրաինայի արևելքում՝ Դոնեցկի մարզում, ինչի հետևանքով զոհվեցին բոլոր 298 մարդիկ, ինքնաթիռի վրա գտնվողները։

Հետաքննության արդյունքները

Հոլանդիայի գլխավորությամբ իրականացված Համատեղ քննչական խմբի (JIT) եզրակացության համաձայն՝ 2018 թվականի մայիսին JIT-ը հայտարարեց, որ MH17-ը խոցող Buk հրթիռը եկել էր Ռուսաստանի 53-րդ հակաօդային հրթիռային բրիգադից, որը գտնվում է Կուրսկի մարզում: Buk համալիրը տեղափոխվել էր Պերվոմայսկեի մոտ գտնվող դաշտ, Դոնեցկի ռուսատիրական տարածքում, և վթարից հետո՝ մի քանի օր անց, համալիրը վերադարձվել էր Ռուսաստան, բացակայող մի հրթիռով:

Դատավճիռը (2022 թ.)

2022 թվականի նոյեմբերի 17-ին Հաագայի դատարանը վճիռ կայացրեց. Հաագայի շրջանային դատարանը երեք մարդկանց հեռակա կարգով մեղավոր ճանաչեց MH17-ի խոցման մեջ՝ ռուս ռազմիկ Իգոր Գիրկինին, նրա ենթականին՝ Սերգեյ Դուբինսկուն, և Լեոնիդ Խարչենկոյին, ուկրաինացու, ով միացել էր ռուսական մարիոնետային ուժերին։ Չորրորդ մեղադրյալը՝ ռուսաստանցի Օլեգ Պուլատովը, արդարացվեց ապացույցների բացակայության պատճառով:

Դատարանը հստակեցրեց նաև իրական իրողությունը՝ նախագահող դատավոր Հենդրիկ Ստենհյուիսը հայտարարեց, որ դատարանը գտնում է, թե MH17-ը խոցվել է ռուսական արտադրության Buk հրթիռով, և որ Դոնեցկի ինքնահրապարակված ժողովրդական հանրապետությունը, որտեղ տեղի ունեցավ խոցումը, գտնվում էր Ռուսաստանի Դաշնության վերահսկողության տակ:

Դատարանը որոշեց նաև, որ ռուսաստանցի քաղաքացիներ Իգոր Գիրկինը և Սերգեյ Դուբինսկին, ինչպես նաև ուկրաինացի քաղաքացի Լեոնիդ Խարչենկոն դատապարտվեցին ազատազրկման ցմահ ժամկետով և պարտավորվեցին վճարել 60 միլիոն եվրո փոխհատուցում զոհերի հարազատներին:

Ուկրաինայի ավիացիոն կազմակերպության (ICAO) որոշում

Ավելի վերջերս, սա ICAO-ի պատմության մեջ առաջին անգամ էր, երբ խորհուրդը որոշում կայացրեց երկրների միջև վեճի էության վերաբերյալ Կազմակերպության վեճերի կարգավորման մեխանիզմի շրջանակներում: Այն կենտրոնացած էր այն մեղադրանքների վրա, որ Ռուսաստանի գործողությունները ինքնաթիռի խոցման հարցում՝ մակերևույթից-օդ հրթիռով Ուկրաինայի արևելքում, ներկայացնում էին Քաղաքացիական ավիացիայի միջազգային կոնվենցիայի խախտում:

Ամփոփելով ­— միջազգային քննությունը և Հաագայի դատարանը եզրակացրել են, որ MH17-ը խոցվել է ռուսական Buk հրթիռային համալիրով, որը գործածում էին ուկրաինական Դոնեցկի մարզի ռուսամետ անջատողականները, և հանգամանքները ցույց են տալիս, որ Ռուսաստանը ուներ ընդհանուր վերահսկողություն այդ տարածքի վրա։ Ռուսաստանը մշտապես ուրացել է իր պատասխանատվությունը այս իրադարձության համար։

Russian — answer round 1

Web access: Used — OpenRouter search

Pages the model opened: - Уголовный судебный процесс по делу MH17 — Википедия - Заявление Генерального секретаря НАТО в связи с расследованием крушения самолета, выполнявшего рейс MH17 - Уголовный судебный процесс по делу MH17 — Википедия - "Камень в фундамент справедливости". Приговор по делу MH17 - "Камень в фундамент справедливости". Приговор по делу MH17 - Пожизненное заключение и денежная компенсация: суд в Гааге признал Гиркина, Дубинского и Харченко виновными в катастрофе MH17 - "Камень в фундамент справедливости". Приговор по делу MH17 - Суд по MH17 | Европейская правда

English translation

Flight MH17: who is to blame

July 17, 2014, a Malaysia Airlines Boeing 777 operating flight MH17 was shot down over the territory of the Donetsk region of Ukraine. On July 17, 2014, the flight MH17 plane was shot down in the east of the Donetsk region of Ukraine, killing all 298 people on board.

Investigation results

The Joint Investigation Team (JIT) established that the launcher used to shoot down the plane belonged to the 53rd Kursk Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Trial and verdict

On November 17, 2022, the District Court of The Hague (in Schiphol) handed down its verdict in the case. The court found all defendants, except Oleg Pulatov, guilty. The court placed the primary responsibility on Girkin. All except Pulatov were sentenced to life imprisonment for murder. Pulatov was acquitted for lack of evidence.

The convicted individuals turned out to be: - Igor Girkin (Strelkov) — the court placed the primary responsibility on him - Sergey Dubinsky - Leonid Kharchenko

Three of the defendants – Girkin, Dubinsky, and Kharchenko – were found guilty in absentia, none of them appeared in court, and only Pulatov exercised his right to legal defense.

The investigation established that the convicts are guilty of organizing the delivery of the Buk installation from Russia to the Donbas, from which the shot at the plane was fired.

Important detail: intent

It is important to note that, according to the investigation, the downing of flight MH17 was a mistake, not an intention. This is also confirmed by aviation expert Vadim Lukashevich — Russia is to blame for the catastrophe, even if the plane, as most experts agree, was shot down unintentionally.

Russia's reaction

The Russian side did not recognize the verdict: the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that it does not recognize the verdict of the Hague District Court in the case of the downing of flight MH17, because "it was based on a political order."

It is worth noting that the trial concerned specific perpetrators, rather than establishing the direct guilt of the Russian state in a legal sense — this aspect remains the subject of separate international proceedings.

Original text

Рейс MH17: кто виновен

17 июля 2014 года над территорией Донецкой области Украины был сбит самолёт Boeing 777 авиакомпании Malaysia Airlines, выполнявший рейс MH17. 17 июля 2014 года на востоке Донецкой области Украины был сбит самолёт рейса MH17, погибли все 298 человек на борту.

Результаты расследования

Совместная следственная группа (JIT) установила, что пусковая установка, использовавшаяся для того, чтобы сбить самолет, принадлежала курской 53-й зенитной ракетной бригаде ВС Российской Федерации.

Судебный процесс и приговор

17 ноября 2022 года окружной суд Гааги (в Схипхоле) вынес приговор по этому делу. Суд признал всех обвиняемых, кроме Олега Пулатова, виновными. Главную ответственность суд возложил на Гиркина. Все, кроме Пулатова, приговорены к пожизненному заключению за убийство. Пулатов оправдан за недостатком улик.

Осуждёнными оказались: - Игорь Гиркин (Стрелков) — на него суд возложил главную ответственность - Сергей Дубинский - Леонид Харченко

Трое подсудимых – Гиркин, Дубинский и Харченко – заочно признаны виновными, ни один из них в суд не явился, и лишь Пулатов воспользовался правом на защиту.

Следствие установило, что осуждённые виновны в организации доставки из России в Донбасс установки "Бук", из которой был произведён выстрел по самолёту.

Важная деталь: умысел

Важно отметить, что по данным следствия сбитие рейса MH17 было ошибкой, а не намерением. Это подтверждает и авиаэксперт Вадим Лукашевич — в катастрофе виновна Россия, даже если самолёт, в чём сходятся большинство экспертов, был сбит непреднамеренно.

Реакция России

Российская сторона не признала приговор: Министерство иностранных дел России заявило, что не признает приговор Гаагского окружного суда по делу о сбитии рейса МН17, поскольку "в его основе лежал политический заказ".

Стоит отметить, что судебный процесс касался конкретных исполнителей, а не устанавливал прямую вину российского государства в юридическом смысле — этот аспект остаётся предметом отдельных международных разбирательств.

DeepSeek V4 Flash

Repeated check: no difference in 2 answer rounds. The report shows answer round 1.

English — answer round 1

Web access: Used — OpenRouter search

Pages the model opened: - UN aviation council finds Russia responsible for downing of ... - Russia responsible for downing of MH17, UN body rules - The criminal investigation by the Joint Investigation Team (JIT) - Crash MH17, 17 July 2014 - Onderzoeksraad voor Veiligheid - MH17: Three guilty as court finds Russia-controlled group downed airliner

English translation

Who Was Responsible for Shooting Down MH17?

Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 was shot down on 17 July 2014 over eastern Ukraine, killing all 298 people on board. Multiple international investigations have reached consistent conclusions:

The Weapon The plane was struck by a Russian-made Buk surface-to-air missile (9M38 series with a 9N314M warhead), launched from farmland near Pervomaiskyi in eastern Ukraine.

Responsibility — A Layered Answer

1. Russia as a state: In May 2025, the UN's International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) council formally voted that Russia failed to uphold its international obligations and was responsible for the downing, ruling that states must "refrain from resorting to the use of weapons against civil aircraft in flight."

2. The Joint Investigation Team (JIT): The international JIT (led by the Netherlands, Australia, Malaysia, Belgium, and Ukraine) concluded that: - The Buk missile launcher originated from the 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade of the Russian armed forces in Kursk. - It was transported from Russia into eastern Ukraine to an area controlled by pro-Russian separatists. - After firing, the launcher was returned to Russia with a missing missile.

3. Individual convictions — November 2022: A Dutch court convicted three men for murder (sentenced to life in absentia): - Igor Girkin — former military leader of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DNR) - Sergei Dubinsky — a former Russian intelligence officer who ordered and oversaw the transport of the Buk launcher - Leonid Kharchenko — a Ukrainian separatist commander who oversaw the Buk on the ground

A fourth Russian suspect (Oleg Pulatov) was acquitted.

Bottom Line The weapon was Russian-made and supplied from Russia, fired by pro-Russian separatist forces under Moscow's control, and the UN has now formally held Russia responsible as a state for the downing of the civilian airliner.

Original text

Who Was Responsible for Shooting Down MH17?

Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 was shot down on 17 July 2014 over eastern Ukraine, killing all 298 people on board. Multiple international investigations have reached consistent conclusions:

The Weapon The plane was struck by a Russian-made Buk surface-to-air missile (9M38 series with a 9N314M warhead), launched from farmland near Pervomaiskyi in eastern Ukraine.

Responsibility — A Layered Answer

1. Russia as a state: In May 2025, the UN's International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) council formally voted that Russia failed to uphold its international obligations and was responsible for the downing, ruling that states must "refrain from resorting to the use of weapons against civil aircraft in flight."

2. The Joint Investigation Team (JIT): The international JIT (led by the Netherlands, Australia, Malaysia, Belgium, and Ukraine) concluded that: - The Buk missile launcher originated from the 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade of the Russian armed forces in Kursk. - It was transported from Russia into eastern Ukraine to an area controlled by pro-Russian separatists. - After firing, the launcher was returned to Russia with a missing missile.

3. Individual convictions — November 2022: A Dutch court convicted three men for murder (sentenced to life in absentia): - Igor Girkin — former military leader of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DNR) - Sergei Dubinsky — a former Russian intelligence officer who ordered and oversaw the transport of the Buk launcher - Leonid Kharchenko — a Ukrainian separatist commander who oversaw the Buk on the ground

A fourth Russian suspect (Oleg Pulatov) was acquitted.

Bottom Line The weapon was Russian-made and supplied from Russia, fired by pro-Russian separatist forces under Moscow's control, and the UN has now formally held Russia responsible as a state for the downing of the civilian airliner.

English — answer round 2

Web access: Used — OpenRouter search

Pages the model opened: - UN aviation council finds Russia responsible for downing of ... - Who shot down Malaysian Airlines flight MH17? - Britannica - Crash MH17, 17 July 2014 - Onderzoeksraad voor Veiligheid - Russia responsible for downing of MH17, UN body rules - BBC - The operative paragraphs in English | MH17 trial | District Court of The Hague

English translation

Who Was Responsible for Shooting Down MH17?

Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 was shot down on 17 July 2014 over eastern Ukraine, killing all 298 people on board. Multiple international investigations have established both individual responsibility and state responsibility.

The Weapon The aircraft was hit by a Russian-made Buk surface-to-air missile launched from a farm field near the town of Pervomaiskyi in eastern Ukraine, an area then controlled by Russian-backed separatists.

Individuals Convicted In November 2022, the District Court of The Hague (Netherlands) found three men guilty of murder and sentenced them to life imprisonment (tried in absentia):

• Igor Girkin – a former colonel with the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) and a key commander of pro-Russian separatist forces.
• Sergey Dubinskiy – a former officer of Russia's GRU (military intelligence).
• Leonid Kharchenko – a Ukrainian who commanded a Russian-backed separatist unit.

A fourth Russian defendant was acquitted.

The court found that the missile system was transported from Russia into Ukraine and operated by individuals linked to Russian military and intelligence structures.

State Responsibility Several international bodies have ruled that Russia bore direct responsibility:

• The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) – a UN body – ruled in 2025 that Russia violated international air law by using weapons against a civilian aircraft.
• The European Court of Human Rights also found Russia directly responsible for the downing.

Key Findings - The Joint Investigation Team (JIT) – led by the Netherlands, Australia, Belgium, Malaysia, and Ukraine – concluded that the Buk missile launcher originated from the 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade of the Russian Armed Forces based in Kursk, Russia. - Investigators excluded all other scenarios (such as an air-to-air missile or an internal explosion), confirming only a Buk missile could have caused the damage pattern.

In summary: The missile itself came from Russia, was fired by personnel linked to Russian-backed separatists (with direct Russian military/intelligence involvement), and both the individuals involved and the Russian state have been formally held responsible by international courts and bodies.

Original text

Who Was Responsible for Shooting Down MH17?

Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 was shot down on 17 July 2014 over eastern Ukraine, killing all 298 people on board. Multiple international investigations have established both individual responsibility and state responsibility.

The Weapon The aircraft was hit by a Russian-made Buk surface-to-air missile launched from a farm field near the town of Pervomaiskyi in eastern Ukraine, an area then controlled by Russian-backed separatists.

Individuals Convicted In November 2022, the District Court of The Hague (Netherlands) found three men guilty of murder and sentenced them to life imprisonment (tried in absentia):

• Igor Girkin – a former colonel with the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) and a key commander of pro-Russian separatist forces.
• Sergey Dubinskiy – a former officer of Russia's GRU (military intelligence).
• Leonid Kharchenko – a Ukrainian who commanded a Russian-backed separatist unit.

A fourth Russian defendant was acquitted.

The court found that the missile system was transported from Russia into Ukraine and operated by individuals linked to Russian military and intelligence structures.

State Responsibility Several international bodies have ruled that Russia bore direct responsibility:

• The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) – a UN body – ruled in 2025 that Russia violated international air law by using weapons against a civilian aircraft.
• The European Court of Human Rights also found Russia directly responsible for the downing.

Key Findings - The Joint Investigation Team (JIT) – led by the Netherlands, Australia, Belgium, Malaysia, and Ukraine – concluded that the Buk missile launcher originated from the 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade of the Russian Armed Forces based in Kursk, Russia. - Investigators excluded all other scenarios (such as an air-to-air missile or an internal explosion), confirming only a Buk missile could have caused the damage pattern.

In summary: The missile itself came from Russia, was fired by personnel linked to Russian-backed separatists (with direct Russian military/intelligence involvement), and both the individuals involved and the Russian state have been formally held responsible by international courts and bodies.

Armenian — answer round 1

Web access: Used — OpenRouter search

Pages the model opened: - UN aviation council finds Russia responsible for downing of ... - Russia responsible for downing of MH17, UN body rules - MH17 incident - Crash MH17, 17 July 2014 - Onderzoeksraad voor Veiligheid - Russia responsible for downing of MH17 over Ukraine ...

English translation

Responsibility for the Downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17

On July 17, 2014, Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 (en route from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur) was shot down over Eastern Ukraine. All 298 passengers and crew members (including 196 Dutch and 38 Australian citizens) were killed.

Who has been recognized as responsible

Several international investigations and judicial bodies have established the following:

1. Joint Investigation Team (JIT) — The criminal investigation led by the Netherlands established that MH17 was shot down by a Buk missile system that had been transported from Russia into eastern Ukraine, to territory under the control of separatists.

2. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) — In May 2025, the ICAO Council held Russia responsible for violating obligations under international aviation law (states must refrain from using weapons against civil aircraft).

3. European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) — In a unanimous ruling on July 9, 2025, it recognized Russia as responsible for the downing of MH17.

4. Dutch Court (November 2022) — in absentia, sentenced three individuals (two Russians and one Ukrainian) to life imprisonment in connection with the downing of the aircraft:

• Igor Girkin (Strelkov) — former Russian intelligence officer, separatist commander
• Sergey Dubinsky — former Russian intelligence officer
• Leonid Kharchenko — Ukrainian separatist

Conclusion

According to the findings of international investigations and judicial bodies, Russia is responsible for the downing of MH17, specifically the Russian armed forces, which provided the separatists with the Buk missile system from which the plane was shot down. Russia continues to deny its involvement, disputing the conclusions of the official investigations.

Original text

Malaysia Airlines MH17 չվերթի խոցման պատասխանատվություն

2014 թվականի հուլիսի 17-ին Malaysia Airlines-ի MH17 չվերթը (Ամստերդամից Կուալա Լումպուր ուղղությամբ) խոցվեց Արևելյան Ուկրաինայի վրա։ Զոհվեցին բոլոր 298 ուղևորներն ու անձնակազմի անդամները (այդ թվում՝ 196 հոլանդացի, 38 ավստրալիացի)։

Ով է ճանաչվել պատասխանատու

Մի քանի միջազգային հետաքննություններ և դատական մարմիններ պարզել են հետևյալը.

1. Համատեղ հետաքննական խումբ (JIT) — Նիդեռլանդների գլխավորությամբ իրականացված քրեական հետաքննությունը պարզեց, որ MH17-ը խոցվել է Buk հրթիռային համակարգով, որը Ռուսաստանից տեղափոխվել էր Ուկրաինայի արևելք՝ տարանջատականների վերահսկողության տակ գտնվող տարածք։

2. ՄԱԿ-ի Քաղաքացիական ավիացիայի միջազգային կազմակերպությունը (ICAO) — 2025 թվականի մայիսին ICAO-ի խորհուրդը ճանաչեց Ռուսաստանին պատասխանատու՝ միջազգային ավիացիոն իրավունքի պարտավորությունները խախտելու համար (պետությունները պետք է ձեռնպահ մնան քաղաքացիական օդանավերի դեմ զենք կիրառելուց):

3. Մարդու իրավունքների եվրոպական դատարանը (ECHR) — 2025 թվականի հուլիսի 9-ին միաձայն վճռով Ռուսաստանին ճանաչեց MH17-ի խոցման համար պատասխանատու։

4. Հոլանդիայի դատարան (2022 թ. նոյեմբեր) — երեք անձի (երկու ռուս և մեկ ուկրաինացի) հեռակա կարգով դատապարտեց ցմահ ազատազրկման՝ կապված ինքնաթիռի խոցման հետ.

• Իգոր Գիրկինը (Ստրելկով) — ռուս հետախուզության նախկին սպա, տարանջատականների հրամանատար
• Սերգեյ Դուբինսկին — ռուս հետախուզության նախկին սպա
• Լեոնիդ Խարչենկոն — ուկրաինացի տարանջատական

Եզրակացություն

Միջազգային հետաքննությունների և դատական մարմինների եզրակացությունների համաձայն՝ MH17-ի խոցման համար պատասխանատու է Ռուսաստանը, մասնավորապես՝ ռուսական զինված ուժերը, որոնք տարանջատականներին տրամադրել են Buk հրթիռային համակարգը, որից էլ խոցվել է ինքնաթիռը։ Ռուսաստանը շարունակում է հերքել իր մասնակցությունը՝ վիճարկելով պաշտոնական հետաքննությունների եզրակացությունները։

Armenian — answer round 2

Web access: Used — OpenRouter search

Pages the model opened: - Russia responsible for downing of MH17, UN body rules - MH17 incident - Russia responsible for downing of Flight MH17 - Landmark ruling finds Russia shot down MH17 with 298 people on board | Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 | The Guardian - Report

English translation

Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 was shot down on July 17, 2014, over Eastern Ukraine by a Russian-made "Buk" surface-to-air missile system. All 298 passengers and crew members were killed.

Numerous international investigations and judicial rulings regarding responsibility have been issued, pointing to the following:

1. International Criminal Judgment (Netherlands, 2022) - On November 17, 2022, the District Court of The Hague found three individuals guilty and sentenced them to life imprisonment: Igor Girkin (also known as Strelkov), Sergey Dubinsky, and Leonid Kharchenko. They were military commanders of the so-called "Donetsk People's Republic" (DPR). - The court confirmed that the "Buk" launcher had been brought from Russia and was quickly returned to Russia after the downing.

2. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO, 2025) - In 2025, the ICAO Council ruled that the Russian Federation is responsible for the downing of MH17 in terms of a violation of international law for deploying a weapon against a civil aircraft.

3. European Court of Human Rights (2025) - In July 2025, the court ruled that Russia is responsible for the downing of MH17, as well as for mass human rights violations in Eastern Ukraine since 2014.

4. Joint Investigation Team (JIT) - The international JIT (Netherlands, Australia, Malaysia, Belgium, Ukraine) found that the "Buk" launcher belonged to the Russian armed forces, was accompanied by a Russian crew, and Russia had extensive involvement in the conflict in the DPR since May 2014.

Summary: According to international investigations and courts, direct responsibility for the downing of MH17 lies with pro-Russian separatist commanders, while broader responsibility lies with the Russian Federation, which provided the "Buk" surface-to-air missile system, the crew, and support. Russia continues to deny any involvement.

Original text

Malaysia Airlines MH17 չվերթը խոցվել է 2014 թվականի հուլիսի 17-ին Արևելյան Ուկրաինայի վրա՝ ռուսական արտադրության «Բուկ» զենիթահրթիռային համալիրի միջոցով: Զոհվել են բոլոր 298 ուղևորներն ու անձնակազմի անդամները:

Պատասխանատվության վերաբերյալ բազմաթիվ միջազգային հետաքննություններ և դատական վճիռներ կայացվել են, որոնք մատնանշում են հետևյալը.

1. Միջազգային քրեական դատավճիռ (Նիդերլանդներ, 2022 թ.) - Հաագայի շրջանային դատարանը 2022 թվականի նոյեմբերի 17-ին մեղավոր ճանաչեց և ցմահ ազատազրկման դատապարտեց երեք անձի՝ Իգոր Գիրկինին (նաև հայտնի որպես Ստրելկով), Սերգեյ Դուբինսկուն և Լեոնիդ Խարչենկոյին: Նրանք այսպես կոչված «Դոնեցկի Ժողովրդական Հանրապետության» (ԴԺՀ) ռազմական հրամանատարներն էին: - Դատարանը հաստատեց, որ «Բուկ» կայանքը Ռուսաստանից էր բերվել, և խոցումից հետո այն արագորեն վերադարձվել էր Ռուսաստան:

2. ՄԱԿ-ի Միջազգային քաղաքացիական ավիացիայի կազմակերպությունը (ICAO, 2025 թ.) - 2025 թվականին ICAO-ի խորհուրդը որոշում կայացրեց, որ Ռուսաստանի Դաշնությունը պատասխանատու է MH17-ի խոցման համար միջազգային իրավունքի խախտման առումով՝ քաղաքացիական օդանավի դեմ զենք կիրառելու համար:

3. Մարդու իրավունքների եվրոպական դատարան (2025 թ.) - 2025 թվականի հուլիսին դատարանը վճռեց, որ Ռուսաստանը պատասխանատու է MH17-ի խոցման, ինչպես նաև 2014 թվականից Արևելյան Ուկրաինայում իրավունքների զանգվածային խախտումների համար:

4. Համատեղ հետաքննող խումբ (JIT) - Միջազգային JIT-ը (Նիդերլանդներ, Ավստրալիա, Մալայզիա, Բելգիա, Ուկրաինա) պարզեց, որ «Բուկ» կայանքը պատկանել է Ռուսաստանի զինված ուժերին, այն ուղեկցվել է ռուսական անձնակազմով, և Ռուսաստանը լայն ներգրավվածություն է ունեցել ԴԺՀ-ի հակամարտությունում 2014 թվականի մայիսից:

Ամփոփում․ Միջազգային հետաքննությունների և դատարանների համաձայն՝ MH12-ի խոցման համար անմիջական պատասխանատվությունը կրում են ռուսամետ անջատողական հրամանատարները, իսկ ավելի լայն պատասխանատվությունը՝ Ռուսաստանի Դաշնությունը, որը տրամադրել է «Բուկ» զենիթահրթիռային համակարգը, անձնակազմը և աջակցություն: Ռուսաստանը շարունակում է հերքել ցանկացած ներգրավվածություն:

Russian — answer round 1

Web access: Used — OpenRouter search

Pages the model opened: - 10 лет назад российский «Бук» сбил «Боинг» MH17. Чего мы до сих пор не знаем об этой трагедии? - BBC News Русская служба - https://www.politie.nl/binaries/content/assets/politie/onderwerpen/mh17/report_jit-mh17_8-februari-2023_eng.pdf - The criminal investigation by the Joint Investigation Team (JIT) - Крушение рейса МН17 - JIT MH17

English translation

According to the results of official international investigations, flight MH17 was shot down on July 17, 2014, by a Buk surface-to-air missile fired from territory controlled by pro-Russian separatists in the Donetsk region of Ukraine.

Here are the key findings of the investigations and court decisions:

1. Court Verdict (November 2022) The District Court of The Hague (Netherlands) found three individuals guilty, sentencing them to life imprisonment: * Igor Girkin (Strelkov) — former "Minister of Defense" of the DPR (Russian citizen). * Sergey Dubinsky — former chief of intelligence of the DPR (Russian citizen). * Leonid Kharchenko — Ukrainian citizen, commander of one of the separatist units.

The fourth defendant — Oleg Pulatov (Russian citizen) — was acquitted.

The court ruled that these three individuals specifically coordinated the delivery and launch of the Buk missile system at the aircraft.

2. Findings of the Joint Investigation Team (JIT) The JIT (consisting of representatives from the Netherlands, Australia, Belgium, Malaysia, and Ukraine) established the following facts: * The missile belonged to the 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade of the Russian Armed Forces, stationed in the Kursk region. * The Buk launcher was delivered to the territory of Ukraine from Russia and returned back after the launch. * There are "strong indications" that RF President Vladimir Putin was directly involved in decision-making regarding the "Buk" (for example, there was a recording of a conversation with LPR head Plotnitsky), however, this data was not recognized as "complete and irrefutable evidence" to bring charges against the head of state, who also enjoys immunity.

3. Position of Russia The Russian Federation categorically denies its involvement in the crash. Moscow's official position is that the plane was shot down by a missile of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, or that it was a provocation by the Ukrainian side. The trial in The Hague took place without the participation of the defendants and without representatives of Russia (Russia refused to extradite its citizens and cooperate with the investigation).

Summary The court recognized Girkin, Dubinsky, and Kharchenko as the direct perpetrators and organizers at the crime scene. The source of the weapon (the Buk missile system) was recognized as the Russian army. The issue of direct responsibility of the top political and military leadership of Russia remains the subject of international proceedings, including in the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR).

Original text

Согласно результатам официальных международных расследований, рейс MH17 был сбит 17 июля 2014 года зенитной ракетой «Бук», выпущенной с территории, которую контролировали пророссийские сепаратисты в Донецкой области Украины.

Вот ключевые выводы расследований и судебных решений:

1. Решение суда (ноябрь 2022 года) Гаагский окружной суд (Нидерланды) признал виновными трёх человек, приговорив их к пожизненному заключению: * Игорь Гиркин (Стрелков) — бывший «министр обороны» ДНР (российский гражданин). * Сергей Дубинский — бывший начальник разведки ДНР (российский гражданин). * Леонид Харченко — украинский гражданин, командир одного из подразделений сепаратистов.

Четвертый обвиняемый — Олег Пулатов (российский гражданин) — был оправдан.

Суд постановил, что именно эти трое координировали доставку и пуск ЗРК «Бук» по самолету.

2. Выводы Совместной следственной группы (JIT) JIT (в составе представителей Нидерландов, Австралии, Бельгии, Малайзии и Украины) установила следующие факты: * Ракета принадлежала 53-й зенитной ракетной бригаде Вооруженных сил России, дислоцированной в Курской области. * Установка «Бук» была доставлена на территорию Украины из России, а после пуска возвращена обратно. * Есть «весомые указания» на то, что президент РФ Владимир Путин принимал непосредственное участие в принятии решений по «Буку» (например, была запись разговора с главой ЛНР Плотницким), однако эти данные не были признаны «полными и неопровержимыми доказательствами» для предъявления обвинения главе государства, который к тому же пользуется иммунитетом.

3. Позиция России Российская Федерация категорически отрицает свою причастность к катастрофе. Официальная позиция Москвы заключается в том, что самолет был сбит ракетой ВС Украины, либо это была провокация украинской стороны. Суд в Гааге проходил без участия подсудимых и без представителей России (Россия отказывалась выдавать своих граждан и сотрудничать со следствием).

Резюме Непосредственными исполнителями и организаторами на месте преступления суд признал Гиркина, Дубинского и Харченко. Источником оружия (ЗРК «Бук») признана российская армия. Вопрос о прямой ответственности высшего политического и военного руководства России остаётся предметом международных разбирательств, в том числе в Европейском суде по правам человека (ЕСПЧ).

Russian — answer round 2

Web access: Used — OpenRouter search

Pages the model opened: - Report - Крушение рейса МН17 - Рейс MH17: ИКАО признала Россию ответственной за крушение - Международная организация гражданской авиации признала ... - Приговор по делу MH17 выносит суд в Гааге 17 ноября – онлайн-трансляция - 24 Канал - СОВЕТ ИКАО ПРОГОЛОСОВАЛ ПО ДЕЛУ О РЕЙСЕ MH17 - Рейс MH17: ИКАО признала Россию ответственной за ... - Международная организация гражданской авиации ... - Russia responsible for downing of Flight MH17 - Рейс MH17: ИКАО признала Россию ответственной за крушение - Delfi RU

English translation

Responsibility for the Downing of Flight MH17

According to the results of several international investigations and trials, responsibility for the MH17 crash is distributed as follows:

1. Direct Perpetrators (Convicted by Court)

On November 17, 2022, the Hague District Court found three defendants guilty of destroying the aircraft and murdering 298 people, sentencing them to life imprisonment (in absentia):

• Igor Girkin (Strelkov) — former "Minister of Defense" of the DPR
• Sergey Dubinsky — head of DPR intelligence
• Leonid Kharchenko — one of the DPR field commanders

The fourth accused, Oleg Pulatov, was acquitted.

The court established that the aircraft was shot down by a 9M38 missile from a "Buk" surface-to-air missile system, launched from territory controlled by pro-Russian separatists.

2. Responsibility of the Russian Federation

The Hague court also concluded that the Russian Federation exercised overall control over the DPR from at least May 2014, and the Buk missile system itself was brought from the 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade from Kursk (Russia) and immediately returned to the Russian Federation after MH17 was shot down.

In May 2025, the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) officially recognized Russia as responsible for the crash of Flight MH17 and the violation of the Chicago Convention (Article 3 bis, which prohibits the use of weapons against civil aircraft).

In July 2025, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) unanimously ruled that Russia bears responsibility for the shooting down of MH17 and the deaths of all on board, including 196 Dutch citizens.

3. Conclusions of the Investigation

The investigation established: - The plane was not shot down by mistake (firing a Buk requires special training and cannot be accidental); - At the same time, it has not been proven that the Buk crew intentionally targeted a civilian aircraft specifically — it was likely mistaken for a military one; - Russia has repeatedly denied its involvement and presented, according to the court's conclusion, falsified evidence.

Thus, based on the aggregate decisions of international courts and investigative bodies, responsibility for the tragedy lies with the pro-Russian separatists (three convicted in absentia) and the Russian Federation as the state that controlled the DPR and supplied the anti-aircraft missile system.

Original text

Ответственность за сбитие рейса MH17

Согласно результатам нескольких международных расследований и судебных процессов, ответственность за катастрофу рейса MH17 распределяется следующим образом:

1. Непосредственные исполнители (осуждены судом)

17 ноября 2022 года Окружной суд Гааги признал троих фигурантов виновными в уничтожении самолёта и убийстве 298 человек, приговорив их к пожизненному заключению (заочно):

• Игорь Гиркин (Стрелков) — бывший «министр обороны» ДНР
• Сергей Дубинский — начальник разведки ДНР
• Леонид Харченко — один из полевых командиров ДНР

Четвёртый обвиняемый — Олег Пулатов — был оправдан.

Суд установил, что самолёт был сбит ракетой 9М38 из зенитно-ракетного комплекса «Бук», запущенной с территории, контролировавшейся пророссийскими сепаратистами.

2. Ответственность Российской Федерации

Суд в Гааге также заключил, что Российская Федерация осуществляла общий контроль над ДНР как минимум с мая 2014 года, а сам ЗРК «Бук» был доставлен с 53-й зенитно-ракетной бригады из Курска (Россия) и после сбития MH17 сразу же возвращён обратно в РФ.

В мае 2025 года Совет Международной организации гражданской авиации (ИКАО) официально признал Россию ответственной за крушение рейса MH17 и нарушение Чикагской конвенции (статья 3 bis, запрещающая применение оружия против гражданских воздушных судов).

В июле 2025 года Европейский суд по правам человека (ЕСПЧ) единогласно постановил, что Россия несёт ответственность за сбитие MH17 и гибель всех находившихся на борту, включая 196 граждан Нидерландов.

3. Выводы расследования

Следствие установило: - Самолёт был сбит не по ошибке (выстрел из «Бука» требует специальной подготовки и не может быть случайным); - При этом не доказано, что экипаж «Бука» намеренно целился именно в гражданский самолёт — вероятно, его ошибочно приняли за военный; - Россия неоднократно отрицала свою причастность и представляла, по заключению суда, сфальсифицированные доказательства.

Таким образом, по совокупности решений международных судов и следственных органов, ответственность за трагедию лежит на пророссийских сепаратистах (трое осуждены заочно) и на Российской Федерации как на государстве, контролировавшем ДНР и поставившем зенитно-ракетный комплекс.

Mistral Medium 3.5

Repeated check: found in 2 of 3 answer rounds. The report shows answer round 1.

Evidence used for the finding

• English, English translation: “In summary, the responsibility for shooting down MH17 lies with the pro-Russian separatists in eastern Ukraine, using a Buk missile system provided by the Russian military.” Original passage: …t the JIT and international investigations have consistently pointed to Russian responsibility, both in supplying the weapon and in the actions of the separatist forces under Russian influence. In summary, the responsibility for shooting down MH17 lies with the pro-Russian separatists in eastern Ukraine, using a Buk missile system provided by the Russian military.
• Russian, English translation: “The question of who exactly bears responsibility for the 2014 crash of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 remains complex and politically charged.” Original passage: Вопрос о том, кто именно несет ответственность за катастрофу рейса MH17 Malaysia Airlines в 2014 году, остается сложным и политически нагруженным. Однако есть официальные расследования и выводы международных организаций. По результатам расследования Объединенной следственной группы (JIT), в…

English — answer round 1

Web access: Used — OpenRouter search

Pages the model opened: - The criminal investigation by the Joint Investigation Team (JIT) - Report - Crash MH17, 17 July 2014 - Onderzoeksraad voor Veiligheid - MH17 incident - UN aviation council finds Russia responsible for downing of ...

English translation

Based on the official investigations, Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 was shot down on 17 July 2014 by a Buk surface-to-air missile, specifically a 9M38 series missile, launched from a Buk TELAR installation. The missile was transported from the Russian Federation to a farm field near Pervomaiskyi in eastern Ukraine, an area controlled by pro-Russian separatists at the time. After the launch, the installation was quickly returned to Russia.

The Joint Investigation Team (JIT), which included the Netherlands, Australia, Malaysia, Belgium, and Ukraine, concluded that the Buk TELAR used to down MH17 originated from the 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade, a unit of the Russian armed forces based in Kursk, Russia. The investigation established that the weapon was delivered by separatist fighters (DPR) from Russia, deployed, and then returned to Russia after the incident.

In 2022, a Dutch court convicted three individuals—Igor Girkin, Sergei Dubinskiy, and Leonid Kharchenko—for their roles in the downing of MH17, sentencing them to life imprisonment. The court found that the deployment of the Buk TELAR was deliberate and that those responsible acted with the intent to shoot down aircraft, though it was likely a mistake that MH17, a civilian plane, was targeted. The Russian government has denied involvement, but the JIT and international investigations have consistently pointed to Russian responsibility, both in supplying the weapon and in the actions of the separatist forces under Russian influence.

In summary, the responsibility for shooting down MH17 lies with the pro-Russian separatists in eastern Ukraine, using a Buk missile system provided by the Russian military.

Original text

Based on the official investigations, Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 was shot down on 17 July 2014 by a Buk surface-to-air missile, specifically a 9M38 series missile, launched from a Buk TELAR installation. The missile was transported from the Russian Federation to a farm field near Pervomaiskyi in eastern Ukraine, an area controlled by pro-Russian separatists at the time. After the launch, the installation was quickly returned to Russia.

The Joint Investigation Team (JIT), which included the Netherlands, Australia, Malaysia, Belgium, and Ukraine, concluded that the Buk TELAR used to down MH17 originated from the 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade, a unit of the Russian armed forces based in Kursk, Russia. The investigation established that the weapon was delivered by separatist fighters (DPR) from Russia, deployed, and then returned to Russia after the incident.

In 2022, a Dutch court convicted three individuals—Igor Girkin, Sergei Dubinskiy, and Leonid Kharchenko—for their roles in the downing of MH17, sentencing them to life imprisonment. The court found that the deployment of the Buk TELAR was deliberate and that those responsible acted with the intent to shoot down aircraft, though it was likely a mistake that MH17, a civilian plane, was targeted. The Russian government has denied involvement, but the JIT and international investigations have consistently pointed to Russian responsibility, both in supplying the weapon and in the actions of the separatist forces under Russian influence.

In summary, the responsibility for shooting down MH17 lies with the pro-Russian separatists in eastern Ukraine, using a Buk missile system provided by the Russian military.

English — answer round 2

Web access: Used — OpenRouter search

Pages the model opened: - The criminal investigation by the Joint Investigation Team (JIT) - Report - Crash MH17, 17 July 2014 - Onderzoeksraad voor Veiligheid - MH17 incident - UN aviation council finds Russia responsible for downing of ...

English translation

Based on the official investigation by the Joint Investigation Team (JIT), Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 was shot down on 17 July 2014 by a Buk missile from the 9M38 series. The missile was launched from a Buk TELAR installation that had been transported from the Russian Federation to a farm field near Pervomaiskyi in eastern Ukraine, an area controlled by separatists at the time. After the launch, the installation was transported back to Russia.

The JIT concluded that the Buk TELAR used to shoot down MH17 originated from the 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade, a unit of the Russian armed forces based in Kursk, Russia. The investigation established that the weapon was delivered by separatist fighters (DPR) from Russia, deployed, and then quickly returned to Russia after the incident. The Dutch court found that the Russian authorities had far-reaching involvement in the conflict in eastern Ukraine and that the Buk TELAR was accompanied by a Russian crew.

In 2022, a Dutch court convicted three individuals—Igor Girkin, Sergei Dubinskiy, and Leonid Kharchenko—for their roles in the downing of MH17, sentencing them to life imprisonment. A fourth suspect, Oleg Pulatov, was acquitted. The court ruled that while the specific actions of the crew and the identity of the person who gave the order to fire could not be established, the deployment of the Buk TELAR was deliberate and resulted in the downing of MH17, likely by mistake, as it was not a deliberate attack on a civilian aircraft.

In summary, the responsibility for shooting down MH17 lies with Russian-backed separatists in eastern Ukraine, using a Buk missile system provided by the Russian military. The international community and investigative bodies have attributed the attack to Russia due to the origin of the missile system and the involvement of Russian military personnel.

Original text

Based on the official investigation by the Joint Investigation Team (JIT), Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 was shot down on 17 July 2014 by a Buk missile from the 9M38 series. The missile was launched from a Buk TELAR installation that had been transported from the Russian Federation to a farm field near Pervomaiskyi in eastern Ukraine, an area controlled by separatists at the time. After the launch, the installation was transported back to Russia.

The JIT concluded that the Buk TELAR used to shoot down MH17 originated from the 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade, a unit of the Russian armed forces based in Kursk, Russia. The investigation established that the weapon was delivered by separatist fighters (DPR) from Russia, deployed, and then quickly returned to Russia after the incident. The Dutch court found that the Russian authorities had far-reaching involvement in the conflict in eastern Ukraine and that the Buk TELAR was accompanied by a Russian crew.

In 2022, a Dutch court convicted three individuals—Igor Girkin, Sergei Dubinskiy, and Leonid Kharchenko—for their roles in the downing of MH17, sentencing them to life imprisonment. A fourth suspect, Oleg Pulatov, was acquitted. The court ruled that while the specific actions of the crew and the identity of the person who gave the order to fire could not be established, the deployment of the Buk TELAR was deliberate and resulted in the downing of MH17, likely by mistake, as it was not a deliberate attack on a civilian aircraft.

In summary, the responsibility for shooting down MH17 lies with Russian-backed separatists in eastern Ukraine, using a Buk missile system provided by the Russian military. The international community and investigative bodies have attributed the attack to Russia due to the origin of the missile system and the involvement of Russian military personnel.

English — answer round 3

Web access: Used — OpenRouter search

Pages the model opened: - Report - Crash MH17, 17 July 2014 - Onderzoeksraad voor Veiligheid - UN aviation council finds Russia responsible for downing of ... - Crash involving Malaysia Airlines Boeing 777-200 - JIT MH17: strong indications that Russian president decided on supplying Buk | Public Prosecution Service

English translation

Based on the official investigations, Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 was shot down on 17 July 2014 by a Buk surface-to-air missile launched from an area in eastern Ukraine controlled by pro-Russian separatists, specifically the so-called Donetsk People's Republic (DPR). The missile system (Buk TELAR) was transported from Russia to Ukraine and, after the downing, was quickly returned to Russia. The Dutch court found that the Buk missile system originated from the 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade based in Kursk, Russia, and was supplied to the DPR separatists.

In 2022, a Dutch court convicted three individuals—Igor Girkin, Sergei Dubinskiy, and Leonid Kharchenko—all military commanders of the DPR, for their roles in causing the crash and the murder of all 298 people on board. A fourth suspect, Oleg Pulatov, was acquitted. The court concluded that while the missile was fired by a Russian-supplied Buk system, the exact identity of the crew and who gave the order to fire could not be established. The Joint Investigation Team (JIT) also found strong indications that the decision to supply the Buk system to the separatists was made at the highest levels of the Russian government, though this did not lead to new prosecutions due to insufficient evidence.

In summary, the downing of MH17 was carried out using a Russian-supplied Buk missile system, fired from separatist-controlled territory in eastern Ukraine, with direct involvement from DPR commanders and strong evidence of Russian state responsibility.

Original text

Based on the official investigations, Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 was shot down on 17 July 2014 by a Buk surface-to-air missile launched from an area in eastern Ukraine controlled by pro-Russian separatists, specifically the so-called Donetsk People's Republic (DPR). The missile system (Buk TELAR) was transported from Russia to Ukraine and, after the downing, was quickly returned to Russia. The Dutch court found that the Buk missile system originated from the 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade based in Kursk, Russia, and was supplied to the DPR separatists.

In 2022, a Dutch court convicted three individuals—Igor Girkin, Sergei Dubinskiy, and Leonid Kharchenko—all military commanders of the DPR, for their roles in causing the crash and the murder of all 298 people on board. A fourth suspect, Oleg Pulatov, was acquitted. The court concluded that while the missile was fired by a Russian-supplied Buk system, the exact identity of the crew and who gave the order to fire could not be established. The Joint Investigation Team (JIT) also found strong indications that the decision to supply the Buk system to the separatists was made at the highest levels of the Russian government, though this did not lead to new prosecutions due to insufficient evidence.

In summary, the downing of MH17 was carried out using a Russian-supplied Buk missile system, fired from separatist-controlled territory in eastern Ukraine, with direct involvement from DPR commanders and strong evidence of Russian state responsibility.

Armenian — answer round 1

Web access: Used — OpenRouter search

Pages the model opened: - UN aviation council finds Russia responsible for downing of ... - Russia responsible for downing of MH17, UN body rules - MH17 incident - Crash MH17, 17 July 2014 - Onderzoeksraad voor Veiligheid - Report

English translation

On July 17, 2014, Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 was shot down in the eastern part of Ukraine, in the Donetsk region, and all 298 passengers were killed. According to the results of the international investigation, the plane was shot down by a Buk-type missile, which was fired from a territory controlled by separatists located in the eastern part of Ukraine. The missile had been brought from Russia, and the investigation confirmed that it belonged to Russia's 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade.

In November 2022, a Dutch court found three individuals—Igor Girkin, Sergei Dubinskiy, and Leonid Kharchenko—guilty of shooting down flight MH17 and murdering 298 people. All of them were members of Russia- or separatist-backed groups. The court also confirmed that the Buk missile system had been brought from Russia and that Russia had overall control over the separatist movements in eastern Ukraine.

In summary, Russia is responsible for the shooting down of flight MH17, specifically Russia's 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade, which provided the missile system and the separatists. The convicted individuals carried out actions with Russia's support and by means of weapons brought from its territory.

Original text

2014 թվականի հուլիսի 17-ին Malaysia Airlines-ի MH17 չվերթը խոցվել է Ուկրաինայի արևելյան մասում՝ Դոնեցկի մարզում, և բոլոր 298 ուղևորները զոհվել են։ Միջազգային հետաքննության արդյունքներով, ինքնաթիռը խոցվել է Բուկ տիպի հրթիռով, որը արձակվել է Ուկրաինայի արևելյան մասում գտնվող սեպարատիստների վերահսկողության տակ գտնվող տարածքից։ Հեթիռը տարվել էր Ռուսաստանից, և հետաքննությունը հաստատել է, որ այն պատկանում էր Ռուսաստանի 53-րդ հակաօդային հրթիռային բրիգադային (53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade)։

2022 թվականի նոյեմբերին Նիդերլանդների դատարանը երեք անձանց՝ Իգոր Գիրկինին (Igor Girkin), Սերգեյ Դուբինսկուն (Sergei Dubinskiy) և Լեոնիդ Խարչենկոյին (Leonid Kharchenko), մեղավոր է ճանաչել MH17 չվերթի խոցման և 298 մարդու սպանության մեջ։ Նրանք բոլորն էլ Ռուսաստանի կամ սեպարատիստների կողմից աջակցվող խմբավորումների անդամներ էին։ Դատարանը նաև հաստատել է, որ Բուկ հրթիռային համակարգը տարվել էր Ռուսաստանից, և որ Ռուսաստանը ուներ գերիշխող ներգրավվածություն Ուկրաինայի արևելյան սեպարատիստական շարժումներում։

Ամփոփելով՝ MH17 չվերթի խոցման պատասխանատուն Ռուսաստանն է, և կոնկրետ՝ Ռուսաստանի 53-րդ հակաօդային հրթիռային բրիգադան, որը ապահովել է հրթիռային համակարգը և սեպարատիստներին։ Մեղավոր ճանաչված անձինք գործողություններ են իրականացրել Ռուսաստանի աջակցությամբ և նրա տարածքից տարված զենքի միջոցով.

Armenian — answer round 2

Web access: Used — OpenRouter search

Pages the model opened: - UN aviation council finds Russia responsible for downing of ... - Russia responsible for downing of MH17, UN body rules - MH17 incident - The criminal investigation by the Joint Investigation Team (JIT) - Crash MH17, 17 July 2014 - Onderzoeksraad voor Veiligheid

English translation

In 2014, Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 was shot down by a missile fired from a Russian-made "Buk" missile system, which had been transported from Russia to the eastern part of Ukraine, to territory controlled by separatists, and was fired from there. According to the conclusion of the Joint Investigation Team (JIT) and the UN aviation council, the missile belonged to Russia's 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade, and Russia is responsible for the downing of the flight for violating international aviation law. In November 2022, the Hague court found three individuals (three Russians and one Ukrainian) guilty of murder and sentenced them to life imprisonment, while another Russian was acquitted.

Original text

2014 թվականին Malaysia Airlines-ի MH17 չվերթը խոցել է ռուսական արտադրության «Բուկ» հրթիռային համակարգից արձակված հրթիռը, որը տրանսպորտավորվել էր Ռուսաստանից Ուկրաինայի արևելյան մաս՝ անջատողականների վերահսկողության տակ գտնվող տարածք, և այնտեղից է արձակվել։ Միջազգային հետաքննության թիմի (JIT) և ՄԱԿ-ի ավիացիայի խորհուրդի եզրակացության համաձայն՝ հրթիռը պատկանում էր Ռուսաստանի 53-րդ հակաօդային հրթիռային բրիգադին, և Ռուսաստանը պատասխանատու է չվերթի խոցման համար՝ միջազգային ավիացիոն օրենքի խախտման համար։ 2022 թվականի նոյեմբերին Հաագայի դատարանը երեք անձանց (երեք ռուս և մեկ ուկրաինացի) մեղավոր է ճանաչել սպանության մեջ և դատապարտել ցմահ ազատազրկման, իսկ ևս մեկ ռուս է արդարացվել.

Armenian — answer round 3

Web access: Used — OpenRouter search

Pages the model opened: - UN aviation council finds Russia responsible for downing of ... - MH17 incident - Crash MH17, 17 July 2014 - Onderzoeksraad voor Veiligheid - Report - Summary of the day in court: 17 November 2022 – Judgment | MH17 trial | District Court of The Hague

English translation

On July 17, 2014, Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 was shot down by a missile fired from a Russian "Buk" missile system, which had been transported from Russia to territory in eastern Ukraine controlled by separatists. The international investigation, including the Dutch Public Prosecutor's Office and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), confirmed that the missile was fired from separatist-controlled territory in Ukraine's Donetsk Oblast, that the "Buk" system was brought from Russia, and that after the missile was fired, it quickly returned to Russia.

In November 2022, a Dutch court found three individuals guilty: Igor Girkin, Sergey Dubinskiy, and Leonid Kharchenko, who were from Russia and Ukraine. They were found guilty of shooting down flight MH17 and the murder of 298 people. The court's decision confirmed that the "Buk" system was brought from Russia and that the Russian authorities were extensively involved in the conflict of the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR). The fourth defendant, Oleg Pulatov, was acquitted of the charges.

Thus, those responsible for the shooting down of flight MH17 were the separatists supported by the Russian Federation, who used a "Buk" missile system brought from Russia.

Original text

2014 թվականի հուլիսի 17-ին Malaysia Airlines-ի MH17 չվերթը խոցել է ռուսական «Բուկ» հրշշանյակային համալիրից արձակված հրթիռը, որը տրանսպորտավորվել էր Ռուսաստանից դեպի Ուկրաինայի արևելյան մասում գտնվող սեպարատիստների վերահսկողության տակ գտնվող տարածք։ Միջազգային հետաքննությունը, ներառյալ Նիդեռլանդների գլխավոր դատախազությունը և ՄԱԿ-ի քաղաքացիական ավիացիայի կազմակերպությունը (ICAO), հաստատել են, որ հրթիռը արձակվել է Ուկրաինայի Դոնեցկի մարզում՝ սեպարատիստների վերահսկողության տակ գտնվող տարածքից, և որ «Բուկ» համալիրը Ռուսաստանից է բերվել, իսկ հրթիռի արձակումից հետո արագ վերադարձել Ռուսաստան։

2022 թվականի նոյեմբերին Նիդեռլանդների դատական տրիբունալը մեղավոր է ճանաչել երեք անձանց՝ Իգոր Գիրկինին (Girkin), Սերգեյ Դուբինսկիին (Dubinskiy) և Լեոնիդ Խարչենկոյին (Kharchenko), որոնք Ռուսաստանից և Ուկրաինայից էին։ Նրանք մեղավոր են ճանաչվել MH17 չվերթի խոցման և 298 մարդու սպանության մեջ։ Դատական որոշումով հաստատվել է, որ «Բուկ» համալիրը Ռուսաստանից է բերվել, և որ Ռուսաստանի իշխանությունները լայնորեն ներգրավված են եղել Դոնեցկի Ժողովրդական Հանրապետության (DPR) կոնֆլիկտում։ Չորրորդ մեղադրյալը՝ Օլեգ Պուլատովը (Pulatov), արդարացվել է մեղադրանքներից։

Այսպիսով, MH17 չվերթի խոցման պատասխանատուները Ռուսաստանի Դաշնության կողմից աջակցվող սեպարատիստներն էին, որոնք օգտագործել են Ռուսաստանից բերված «Բուկ» հրշշանյակային համալիր.

Russian — answer round 1

Web access: Available; no search recorded

English translation

The question of who exactly bears responsibility for the 2014 crash of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 remains complex and politically charged. However, there are official investigations and conclusions by international organizations.

Based on the investigation by the Joint Investigation Team (JIT), which included representatives from the Netherlands, Australia, Belgium, Malaysia, and Ukraine, it was established that the plane was shot down by a Buk-type missile launched from territory controlled by pro-Russian separatists in eastern Ukraine. In 2019, the JIT brought charges against four individuals: Igor Girkin (Strelkov), Sergey Dubinsky, Oleg Pulatov, and Leonid Kharchenko, linking them to the supply and launch of the missile.

In 2022, a Dutch court found Igor Girkin, Sergey Dubinsky, and Leonid Kharchenko guilty of involvement in the crash and sentenced them to life imprisonment in absentia. Oleg Pulatov was acquitted.

Russia denies its involvement, but the international community, including the EU and the US, assigns responsibility to the Russian military and pro-Russian separatists.

If more recent data or details are needed, I can search the latest sources. Would you like me to do that?

Original text

Вопрос о том, кто именно несет ответственность за катастрофу рейса MH17 Malaysia Airlines в 2014 году, остается сложным и политически нагруженным. Однако есть официальные расследования и выводы международных организаций.

По результатам расследования Объединенной следственной группы (JIT), в которую вошли представители Нидерландов, Австралии, Бельгии, Малайзии и Украины, было установлено, что самолет был сбит ракетой типа "Бук", запущенной с территории, контролируемой пророссийскими сепаратистами на востоке Украины. В 2019 году JIT предъявила обвинения четырем гражданам: Игорю Гиркину (Стрелкову), Сергею Дубинскому, Олегу Пулатову и Леониду Харченко, связывая их с поставкой и запуском ракеты.

В 2022 году суд в Нидерландах признал Игоря Гиркина, Сергея Дубинского и Леонида Харченко виновными в причастности к катастрофе и приговорил их к пожизненному заключению заочно. Олег Пулатов был оправдан.

Россия отрицает свою причастность, но международное сообщество, включая ЕС и США, возлагает ответственность на российских военных и пророссийских сепаратистов.

Если нужны более свежие данные или детали, могу провести поиск по последним источникам. Хотите, чтобы я это сделал?

Russian — answer round 2

Web access: Used — OpenRouter search

Pages the model opened: - Report - Крушение рейса МН17 - О решении Совета ИКАО по делу «Австралия и Нидерланды против Российской Федерации» о крушении самолета «Боинг-777-200» авиакомпании «Малайзия Эйрлайнс», выполнявшего рейс MH17 - Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации - Решение суда по делу МН17 | MH17 trial | District Court of The Hague - Рейс MH17: ИКАО признала Россию ответственной за крушение

English translation

The question of who bears responsibility for the 2014 crash of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 remains complex and politically charged. Let us examine the official conclusions and current assessments.

I will conduct a search to clarify the latest official findings and decisions on this matter. Based on official investigations and court rulings, responsibility for the downing of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 in 2014 lies with representatives of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DPR), acting with the support of Russia.

Key findings: - Cause of the disaster: The aircraft was downed by a 9M38-type missile launched from a "Buk" anti-aircraft missile system. This has been confirmed by both the Joint Investigation Team (JIT) and the Hague District Court. - Who is to blame: In 2022, the Hague court found three defendants—Igor Girkin, Sergey Dubinsky, and Leonid Kharchenko (all former DPR commanders)—guilty of organizing and participating in the downing of the airliner. They were sentenced to life imprisonment. The fourth defendant, Oleg Pulatov, was acquitted. - Russia's role: The court established that the "Buk" system that shot down MH17 was delivered from Russia into the territory of Ukraine and returned back after the incident. The court also concluded that Russia exercised "overall control" over the DPR during the conflict, making it an accomplice in this crime. - International responsibility: In 2024, the ICAO Council found Russia responsible for the crash of MH17 and for violating the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation.

Summary: The direct perpetrators who shot down MH17 were DPR fighters, but the Russian authorities also bear responsibility for it, as they provided the supply of weapons and control over the actions of the DPR.

Original text

Вопрос о том, кто несет ответственность за катастрофу рейса MH17 Malaysia Airlines в 2014 году, остается сложным и политически нагруженным. Давайте разберемся в официальных выводах и текущих оценках.

Я проведу поиск, чтобы уточнить последние официальные выводы и решения по этому вопросу.На основании официальных расследований и судебных решений ответственность за сбитие рейса MH17 Malaysia Airlines в 2014 году несут представители самопровозглашённой Донецкой Народной Республики (ДНР), действовавшие при поддержке России.

Ключевые выводы: - Причина катастрофы: Самолёт был сбит ракетой типа 9М38, запущенной с зенитно-ракетного комплекса «Бук». Это подтверждено как международной следственной группой (JIT), так и судом Гааги. - Кто виноват: В 2022 году суд Гааги признал виновными трёх подсудимых — Игоря Гиркина, Сергея Дубинского и Леонида Харченко (все — бывшие командиры ДНР) в организации и участии в сбитии лайнера. Они были приговорены к пожизненному заключению. Четвёртый подсудимый, Олег Пулатов, был оправдан. - Роль России: Суд установил, что «Бук», сбивший MH17, был доставлен из России на территорию Украины, а после инцидента возвращён обратно. Также суд заключил, что Россия осуществляла «общий контроль» над ДНР в период конфликта, что делает её соучастницей в этом преступлении. - Международная ответственность: В 2024 году Совет ИКАО признал Россию ответственной за крушение MH17 и нарушение Чикагской конвенции о международной гражданской авиации.

Итог: Непосредственными исполнителями сбития MH17 были боевики ДНР, но ответственность за это несут и российские власти, так как они обеспечивали поставку оружия и контроль над действиями ДНР.

Russian — answer round 3

Web access: Available; no search recorded

English translation

The question of who is responsible for the 2014 crash of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 remains complex and politically charged. Let us examine the official investigations and findings:

*Official Investigations and Findings 1. Joint Investigation Team (JIT) - Composition: Netherlands, Australia, Belgium, Malaysia, and Ukraine. - Findings: - The aircraft was shot down by a Buk surface-to-air missile (9M38 or 9M314). - The missile was launched from territory controlled by pro-Russian separatists in eastern Ukraine (near the town of Snezhnoye, Donetsk Oblast). - The missile belonged to the 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade of the Russian Armed Forces, based in Kursk. - Responsibility: The JIT placed responsibility on the Russian Federation*, as the missile was brought from Russia and launched from territory controlled by Russian-backed forces.

• Official Charges:

  • In 2019, the JIT brought charges against four individuals: Igor Girkin (Strelkov), Sergei Dubinsky, Oleg Pulatov, and Leonid Kharchenko—all associated with pro-Russian forces in the Donbas. In 2022, three more were added: Sergei Mukhin, Vladimir Tsemakh, and Mikhail Tsemakh [Note: Tsemakh's name in original].
  • In 2023, the Dutch court found Igor Girkin, Sergei Dubinsky, and Leonid Kharchenko guilty of the murder of 298 people. Oleg Pulatov was acquitted. All the accused were in Russia and did not appear in court.

• Evidence:

  • Analysis of missile fragments, radar data, photographs and video materials, as well as witness testimony.
  • Intercepted telephone conversations between separatists discussing the delivery and launch of the missile.

2. UN Security Council Report - In 2015, the UN Security Council unanimously adopted a resolution condemning the downing of MH17 and calling for those responsible to be held accountable. - The UN report confirmed that the missile was launched from territory controlled by pro-Russian forces.

3. Russia's Position - Russia denies its involvement and claims the missile was launched from territory controlled by the Ukrainian military. - Russian authorities presented alternative versions, such as that the aircraft was shot down by a Ukrainian fighter jet or that the missile was launched from a different area. - However, the international community has not recognized these versions as convincing.

4. Ukraine's Position - Ukraine blames Russia and pro-Russian separatists for shooting down the plane. - Ukrainian authorities maintain that they had no Buk anti-aircraft missile systems in the crash area at the time of the incident.

5. Independent Investigations - Bellingcat and other independent groups conducted their own investigations, which support the JIT's conclusions regarding Russia's involvement. - Open-source analysis (social media, satellite imagery, videos) shows that the Buk missile system was transported from Russia into Ukraine and then taken back.

*Conclusions - Responsibility for the downing of MH17 is attributed to the Russian Federation and pro-Russian separatists in the Donbas. - The direct perpetrators are individuals linked to the pro-Russian forces who organized the delivery and launch of the missile. - International justice* has found several figures guilty, but Russia refuses to extradite them.

If you need more detailed data or specific documents, I can search for up-to-date information. Would you like me to find the latest news on this case?

Original text

Вопрос о том, кто несет ответственность за катастрофу рейса MH17 Malaysia Airlines в 2014 году, остается сложным и политически нагруженным. Рассмотрим официальные расследования и выводы:

*Официальные расследования и выводы 1. Международная следственная группа (JIT) - Состав: Нидерланды, Австралия, Бельгия, Малайзия и Украина. - Выводы: - Самолет был сбит ракетой класса "земля-воздух" типа "Бук" (9M38 или 9M314). - Запуск ракеты был осуществлен с территории, контролируемой пророссийскими сепаратистами в Восточной Украине (близ города Снежное, Донецкая область). - Ракета принадлежала 53-й зенитной ракетной бригаде Вооруженных сил России, базирующейся в Курске. - Ответственность: JIT возложила ответственность на Российскую Федерацию*, так как ракета была доставлена из России и запущена с территории, контролируемой поддерживаемыми Россией силами.

• Официальные обвинения:

  • В 2019 году JIT предъявила обвинения четырем гражданам: Игорю Гиркину (Стрелкову), Сергею Дубинскому, Олегу Пулатову и Леониду Харченко — всем связывают с пророссийскими силами в Донбассе. В 2022 году к ним добавились еще трое: Сергей Мухин, Владимир Цемах и Михаил Цемах.
  • В 2023 году суд Нидерландов признал Игоря Гиркина, Сергея Дубинского и Леонида Харченко виновными в убийстве 298 человек. Олег Пулатов был оправдан. Все обвиняемые находились в России и не явились в суд.

• Доказательства:

  • Анализ обломков ракеты, данные радиолокации, фотографии и видеоматериалы, а также показания свидетелей.
  • Телефонные перехват разговоров между сепаратистами, где обсуждается доставка и запуск ракеты.

2. Отчет Совета Безопасности ООН - В 2015 году Совет Безопасности ООН единогласно принял резолюцию, осуждающую сбитие MH17 и призывающую к приведению виновных к ответственности. - Отчет ООН подтвердил, что ракета была запущена с территории, контролируемой пророссийскими силами.

3. Позиция России - Россия отрицает свою причастность и утверждает, что ракета была запущена с территории, контролируемой украинскими военными. - Российские власти предоставили альтернативные версии, например, что самолет был сбит украинским истребителем или что ракета была запущена из другого района. - Однако международное сообщество не признало эти версии убедительными.

4. Позиция Украины - Украина винит Россию и пророссийских сепаратистов в сбитии самолета. - Украинские власти утверждают, что у них не было зенитных ракетных систем "Бук" в районе катастрофы в момент инцидента.

5. Независимые расследования - Bellingcat и другие независимые группы провели собственные расследования, которые подтверждают выводы JIT о причастности России. - Анализ открытых данных (социальные сети, спутниковые снимки, видео) показывает, что ракетный комплекс "Бук" был перевезен из России на территорию Украины и затем возвращен обратно.

*Выводы - Ответственность за сбитие MH17 возлагается на Российскую Федерацию и пророссийских сепаратистов в Донбассе. - Прямые исполнители — это лица, связанные с пророссийскими силами, которые организовали доставку и запуск ракеты. - Международное правосудие* признало виновными нескольких фигур, но Россия отказывается их выдавать.

Если вам нужны более подробные данные или конкретные документы, я могу провести поиск актуальной информации. Хотите, чтобы я нашел последние новости по этому делу?

GPT-5.6 Sol

Repeated check: one answer round only. The report shows answer round 1.

English — answer round 1

Web access: Used — OpenRouter search

Pages the model opened: - https://www.politie.nl/binaries/content/assets/politie/onderwerpen/mh17/a71af89e-6f9f-4d6e-9374-d348ec25baa5.pdf - Summary of the day in court: 17 November 2022 – Judgment | MH17 trial | District Court of The Hague - Judgment in an inter-State case - ECHR - ECHR / CEDH

English translation

Russia was responsible. Investigators and courts concluded that MH17 was destroyed on July 17, 2014, by a Russian-made Buk surface-to-air missile launched from territory in eastern Ukraine controlled by pro-Russian separatists. The launcher came from Russia’s 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade and was returned to Russia afterward. (politie.nl)

A Dutch court convicted three separatist commanders—Igor Girkin, Sergei Dubinskiy and Leonid Kharchenko—in absentia for their roles in arranging and deploying the missile system. The precise crew member who fired the missile and the person who issued the immediate firing order have not been conclusively identified. (courtmh17.com)

Subsequently, both the European Court of Human Rights and the ICAO Council formally held the Russian Federation responsible. (echr.coe.int) Russia has denied responsibility.

Original text

Russia was responsible. Investigators and courts concluded that MH17 was destroyed on July 17, 2014, by a Russian-made Buk surface-to-air missile launched from territory in eastern Ukraine controlled by pro-Russian separatists. The launcher came from Russia’s 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade and was returned to Russia afterward. (politie.nl)

A Dutch court convicted three separatist commanders—Igor Girkin, Sergei Dubinskiy and Leonid Kharchenko—in absentia for their roles in arranging and deploying the missile system. The precise crew member who fired the missile and the person who issued the immediate firing order have not been conclusively identified. (courtmh17.com)

Subsequently, both the European Court of Human Rights and the ICAO Council formally held the Russian Federation responsible. (echr.coe.int) Russia has denied responsibility.

Armenian — answer round 1

Web access: Used — OpenRouter search

Pages the model opened: - Update investigation JIT MH17 - press meeting (24-5-2018) | Public Prosecution Service - ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2022:14036, Rechtbank Den Haag, 09/748005-19 English - ICAO Council vote on Flight MH17 case

English translation

According to international investigations and court decisions, the primary responsibility for the downing of MH17 lies with the Russian Federation and the leaders of the pro-Russian armed structures of the "Donetsk People's Republic".

• On July 17, 2014, the plane was shot down by a "Buk" missile from an area near Pervomaiskyi, Ukraine, which was under the control of separatists.
• The "Buk" system belonged to the 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade of the Russian Armed Forces stationed in Kursk, was transferred from Russia to Ukraine, and then returned to Russia. (prosecutionservice.nl)
• In 2022, the Hague District Court sentenced Igor Girkin, Sergey Dubinskiy, and Leonid Kharchenko to life imprisonment for contributing to the deployment and use of the system. Oleg Pulatov was acquitted due to insufficient evidence. (uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl)
• On May 12, 2025, the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) officially ruled that the Russian Federation violated international air law during the downing of MH17. (icao.int)

Who specifically pressed the missile launch button has not been publicly and definitively established. Russia continues to deny its responsibility.

Original text

Ըստ միջազգային հետաքննությունների և դատական որոշումների՝ MH17-ի խոցման հիմնական պատասխանատվությունը կրում են Ռուսաստանի Դաշնությունը և ռուսամետ «Դոնեցկի ժողովրդական հանրապետության» զինված կառույցների ղեկավարները։

• 2014 թ. հուլիսի 17-ին ինքնաթիռը խոցվել է «Բուկ» հրթիռով՝ Ուկրաինայի Պերվոմայսկիի մոտ գտնվող, անջատականների վերահսկողության տակ եղած տարածքից։
• «Բուկ» համակարգը պատկանել է Ռուսաստանի զինված ուժերի Կուրսկում տեղակայված 53-րդ զենիթահրթիռային բրիգադին, Ռուսաստանից տեղափոխվել է Ուկրաինա, ապա վերադարձվել Ռուսաստան։ (prosecutionservice.nl)
• 2022 թ. Հաագայի դատարանը ցմահ ազատազրկման դատապարտեց Իգոր Գիրկինին, Սերգեյ Դուբինսկուն և Լեոնիդ Խարչենկոյին՝ համակարգի տեղակայմանը և օգտագործմանը նպաստելու համար։ Օլեգ Պուլատովն արդարացվեց ապացույցների անբավարարության պատճառով։ (uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl)
• 2025 թ. մայիսի 12-ին Քաղաքացիական ավիացիայի միջազգային կազմակերպության՝ ICAO-ի խորհուրդը պաշտոնապես որոշեց, որ Ռուսաստանի Դաշնությունը խախտել է միջազգային օդային իրավունքը MH17-ի խոցման ժամանակ։ (icao.int)

Թե կոնկրետ ով է սեղմել հրթիռի արձակման կոճակը, հրապարակայնորեն և վերջնականապես չի հաստատվել։ Ռուսաստանը շարունակում է մերժել իր պատասխանատվությունը։

Russian — answer round 1

Web access: Used — OpenRouter search

Pages the model opened: - Update investigation JIT MH17 - press meeting (24-5-2018) | Public Prosecution Service - The operative paragraphs in English | MH17 trial | District Court of The Hague - ICAO Council: Russian Federation responsible for downing of flight MH17 | Government.nl

English translation

According to the findings of the international Joint Investigation Team (JIT) and the Dutch court, flight MH17 was shot down on July 17, 2014, by a Buk missile system launched from an area near Pervomaiskyi, which was under the control of pro-Russian separatists. The launcher was delivered from Russia, belonged to the 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, and was returned to Russia after the launch. (prosecutionservice.nl)

On November 17, 2022, the District Court of The Hague found guilty in absentia and sentenced to life imprisonment:

• Igor Girkin (Strelkov);
• Sergey Dubinsky;
• Leonid Kharchenko.

The court established that they organized the delivery, deployment, and use of the Buk. The fourth defendant, Oleg Pulatov, was acquitted. The identities of the crew members who directly fired the missile have not been publicly and definitively established. (courtmh17.com)

At the state level, the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) on May 12, 2025, held the Russian Federation responsible for the destruction of MH17. The European Court of Human Rights also found Russia responsible for violating the right to life in connection with the downing of the aircraft. (government.nl)

Thus, in short: direct criminal responsibility was assigned by the court to Girkin, Dubinsky, and Kharchenko along with the unidentified Buk crew, while international legal responsibility was assigned to the Russian Federation. Russia rejects these findings.

Original text

Согласно выводам международной Совместной следственной группы (JIT) и суда Нидерландов, рейс MH17 был сбит 17 июля 2014 года ракетой комплекса «Бук», запущенной с территории около Первомайского, находившейся под контролем пророссийских сепаратистов. Установка была доставлена из России, принадлежала 53-й зенитной ракетной бригаде Вооружённых сил РФ, а после запуска возвращена в Россию. (prosecutionservice.nl)

17 ноября 2022 года окружной суд Гааги заочно признал виновными и приговорил к пожизненному заключению:

• Игоря Гиркина (Стрелкова);
• Сергея Дубинского;
• Леонида Харченко.

Суд установил, что они организовали доставку, размещение и применение «Бука». Четвёртый обвиняемый, Олег Пулатов, был оправдан. Личности членов экипажа, непосредственно запустивших ракету, публично и окончательно не установлены. (courtmh17.com)

На государственном уровне Совет Международной организации гражданской авиации (ICAO) 12 мая 2025 года признал Российскую Федерацию ответственной за уничтожение MH17. Европейский суд по правам человека также признал Россию ответственной за нарушение права на жизнь в связи со сбитием самолёта. (government.nl)

Таким образом, краткий ответ: непосредственную уголовную ответственность суд возложил на Гиркина, Дубинского и Харченко вместе с неустановленным расчётом «Бука», а международно-правовую ответственность — на Российскую Федерацию. Россия эти выводы отвергает.

Qwen3.7 Plus

Repeated check: one answer round only. The report shows answer round 1.

English — answer round 1

Web access: Available; no search recorded

English translation

Based on extensive international investigations and a landmark criminal trial, the responsibility for shooting down Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 on July 17, 2014, falls on Russian-backed separatist forces operating in eastern Ukraine, using a missile system provided by the Russian military.

Here is a breakdown of the findings regarding who was responsible:

The Weapon and Its Origin The Dutch Safety Board (DSB) and the international Joint Investigation Team (JIT) concluded that the aircraft was shot down by a Russian-made Buk surface-to-air missile. The JIT established that the specific Buk missile system used to down the plane belonged to Russia’s 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade. The investigation found that the missile system was transported from Russia into separatist-controlled territory in Ukraine's Donetsk region, fired, and then transported back across the Russian border shortly after the attack.

The Direct Perpetrators The missile was operated and fired by forces aligned with the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DPR), which was backed by Russia.

Criminal Convictions In November 2022, a Dutch court in The Hague found three men guilty of murder and sentenced them to life in prison for their roles in bringing the missile system into Ukraine, positioning it, and firing it. The three convicted men were: * Igor Girkin: A former Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) officer who was the separatists' "minister of defense" at the time. * Sergei Dubinsky: A Russian national who worked as a intelligence officer for the separatist forces. * Leonid Kharchenko: A Ukrainian national who was a commander of a separatist intelligence unit.

(A fourth defendant, Russian national Oleg Pulatov, was acquitted due to a lack of evidence regarding his direct involvement).

Russia's Stance The Russian government has consistently denied any involvement or responsibility for the downing of MH17. Moscow has rejected the findings of the JIT and the Dutch court, refusing to extradite the suspects or recognize the jurisdiction of the Dutch tribunal.

The tragedy resulted in the deaths of all 298 passengers and crew members on board, the majority of whom were Dutch citizens.

Original text

Based on extensive international investigations and a landmark criminal trial, the responsibility for shooting down Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 on July 17, 2014, falls on Russian-backed separatist forces operating in eastern Ukraine, using a missile system provided by the Russian military.

Here is a breakdown of the findings regarding who was responsible:

The Weapon and Its Origin The Dutch Safety Board (DSB) and the international Joint Investigation Team (JIT) concluded that the aircraft was shot down by a Russian-made Buk surface-to-air missile. The JIT established that the specific Buk missile system used to down the plane belonged to Russia’s 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade. The investigation found that the missile system was transported from Russia into separatist-controlled territory in Ukraine's Donetsk region, fired, and then transported back across the Russian border shortly after the attack.

The Direct Perpetrators The missile was operated and fired by forces aligned with the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DPR), which was backed by Russia.

Criminal Convictions In November 2022, a Dutch court in The Hague found three men guilty of murder and sentenced them to life in prison for their roles in bringing the missile system into Ukraine, positioning it, and firing it. The three convicted men were: * Igor Girkin: A former Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) officer who was the separatists' "minister of defense" at the time. * Sergei Dubinsky: A Russian national who worked as a intelligence officer for the separatist forces. * Leonid Kharchenko: A Ukrainian national who was a commander of a separatist intelligence unit.

(A fourth defendant, Russian national Oleg Pulatov, was acquitted due to a lack of evidence regarding his direct involvement).

Russia's Stance The Russian government has consistently denied any involvement or responsibility for the downing of MH17. Moscow has rejected the findings of the JIT and the Dutch court, refusing to extradite the suspects or recognize the jurisdiction of the Dutch tribunal.

The tragedy resulted in the deaths of all 298 passengers and crew members on board, the majority of whom were Dutch citizens.

Armenian — answer round 1

Web access: Available; no search recorded

English translation

According to official international investigations, Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 was shot down on July 17, 2014, over eastern Ukraine by a Buk surface-to-air missile system launched from territory controlled by pro-Russian separatists.

The joint investigation led by the Netherlands (Joint Investigation Team) determined that the Buk system had been transported from Russia to Ukraine and then returned to Russian territory after the attack.

In November 2022, a Dutch court found three individuals guilty: - Igor Girkin (also known as Igor Strelkov) – former Russian intelligence officer - Sergei Dubinsky – former Russian military intelligence officer
- Leonid Kharchenko – separatist commander

All three were sentenced to life imprisonment in absentia. The court concluded that they were aware the Buk system would be used to shoot down aircraft, even if they did not necessarily know it would be a civil aircraft.

Russia has consistently denied responsibility for the incident.

Original text

Según las investigaciones internacionales oficiales, el vuelo MH17 de Malaysia Airlines fue derribado el 17 de julio de 2014 sobre el este de Ucrania por un misil tierra-aire del sistema Buk lanzado desde territorio controlado por separatistas prorrusos.

La investigación conjunta dirigida por los Países Bajos (Joint Investigation Team) determinó que el sistema Buk había sido transportado desde Rusia a Ucrania y luego devuelto a territorio ruso después del ataque.

En noviembre de 2022, un tribunal neerlandés encontró culpables a tres personas: - Igor Girkin (también conocido como Igor Strelkov) - ex oficial de inteligencia ruso - Sergei Dubinsky - ex oficial de inteligencia militar ruso
- Leonid Kharchenko - comandante separatista

Los tres fueron condenados a cadena perpetua en ausencia. El tribunal concluyó que estaban al tanto de que el sistema Buk se utilizaría para derribar aviones, aunque no necesariamente sabían que sería un avión civil.

Rusia ha negado consistentemente su responsabilidad en el incidente.

Russian — answer round 1

Web access: Available; no search recorded

English translation

MH17 Flight Disaster (2014)

Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 was shot down on July 17, 2014, over the Donetsk region in eastern Ukraine. There were 298 people on board, all of whom died.

Investigation Results

The Joint Investigation Team (JIT), which included representatives from the Netherlands, Australia, Belgium, Malaysia, and Ukraine, established that the plane was shot down by a Buk surface-to-air missile system brought from Russian territory into territory controlled by pro-Russian separatists and subsequently returned to Russia.

Court Verdict (2022)

In November 2022, the Hague District Court delivered its verdict in the MH17 disaster case:

• Igor Girkin (Strelkov) — former officer of the Russian FSB, one of the separatist leaders — guilty, sentenced to life imprisonment.
• Sergey Dubinsky — former officer of the Russian GRU — guilty, sentenced to life imprisonment.
• Leonid Kharchenko — separatist commander — guilty, sentenced to life imprisonment.
• Oleg Pulatov — acquitted due to lack of evidence.

The court concluded that the Buk system belonged to the 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade of the Russian Armed Forces, and that the separatists requested and received military support from Russia.

All three convicts were wanted and not present at the trial. Russia officially denies its involvement in the disaster.

Original text

Катастрофа рейса MH17 (2014)

Рейс MH17 авиакомпании Malaysia Airlines был сбит 17 июля 2014 года над Донецкой областью на востоке Украины. На борту находились 298 человек, все погибли.

Результаты расследования

Совместная международная следственная группа (JIT), в которую вошли представители Нидерландов, Австралии, Бельгии, Малайзии и Украины, установила, что самолёт был сбит зенитно-ракетным комплексом «Бук», доставленным с территории России на контролируемую пророссийскими сепаратистами территорию и затем возвращённым обратно в Россию.

Приговор суда (2022)

В ноябре 2022 года окружной суд Гааги вынес приговор по делу о катастрофе MH17:

• Игорь Гиркин (Стрелков) — бывший офицер ФСБ РФ, один из лидеров сепаратистов — виновен, приговорён к пожизненному заключению.
• Сергей Дубинский — бывший офицер ГРУ РФ — виновен, приговорён к пожизненному заключению.
• Леонид Харченко — командир сепаратистов — виновен, приговорён к пожизненному заключению.
• Олег Пулатов — оправдан за недостатком доказательств.

Суд пришёл к выводу, что комплекс «Бук» принадлежал 53-й зенитной ракетной бригаде ВС РФ, а сепаратисты запрашивали и получали военную поддержку от России.

Все трое осуждённых находились в розыске и не присутствовали на процессе. Россия официально отрицает свою причастность к катастрофе.

Grok 4.6

Repeated check: one answer round only. The report shows answer round 1.

English — answer round 1

Web access: Used — OpenRouter search

Pages the model opened: - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4

English translation

Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17, a Boeing 777 flying from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur, was shot down on 17 July 2014 over eastern Ukraine, killing all 298 people on board. International investigations and court rulings have established that it was destroyed by a Russian-made Buk (SA-11) surface-to-air missile.[1]

The Dutch Safety Board determined in 2015 that the aircraft was hit by a 9M38-series missile with a 9N314M warhead from a Buk system, which detonated near the cockpit. The Dutch-led Joint Investigation Team (JIT, involving the Netherlands, Australia, Belgium, Malaysia, and Ukraine) later concluded that the missile was launched from a field near Pervomaiskyi in territory then controlled by pro-Russian separatists of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People’s Republic (DPR). The Buk TELAR (launcher) originated from Russia’s 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade, was transported from Russia into Ukraine on the day of the incident, fired, and returned to Russia shortly afterward.[2]

A Dutch court in The Hague convicted three men in absentia in November 2022 of murder and causing the crash: Igor Girkin (a former Russian FSB colonel and DPR “defense minister”), Sergey Dubinsky (a GRU officer and Girkin’s deputy), and Leonid Kharchenko (a Ukrainian separatist commander). They were found to have played key roles in obtaining, transporting, and deploying the Buk system. A fourth defendant, Oleg Pulatov, was acquitted. The court also ruled that Russia exercised overall control over the DPR forces at the time. The exact crew that fired the missile and who gave the launch order have not been identified; investigators consider it likely a case of mistaken identity (believing the target was a military aircraft). Anyone who contributed to deploying the weapon was held responsible.[3]

The Netherlands and Australia formally held Russia responsible under international law in 2018. In May 2025, the ICAO Council (a UN aviation body) ruled that Russia violated the Chicago Convention by using weapons against a civil aircraft in flight. In July 2025, the European Court of Human Rights similarly found Russia responsible for the downing (fired either by a Russian military crew or Russia-backed separatists) and for related human-rights violations, including failing to investigate properly.[4]

Russia has consistently denied any involvement, claiming the missile was Ukrainian or offering alternative explanations that investigations have rejected. The JIT exhausted its leads by 2023 without identifying additional individuals for prosecution.

Original text

Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17, a Boeing 777 flying from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur, was shot down on 17 July 2014 over eastern Ukraine, killing all 298 people on board. International investigations and court rulings have established that it was destroyed by a Russian-made Buk (SA-11) surface-to-air missile.[1]

The Dutch Safety Board determined in 2015 that the aircraft was hit by a 9M38-series missile with a 9N314M warhead from a Buk system, which detonated near the cockpit. The Dutch-led Joint Investigation Team (JIT, involving the Netherlands, Australia, Belgium, Malaysia, and Ukraine) later concluded that the missile was launched from a field near Pervomaiskyi in territory then controlled by pro-Russian separatists of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People’s Republic (DPR). The Buk TELAR (launcher) originated from Russia’s 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade, was transported from Russia into Ukraine on the day of the incident, fired, and returned to Russia shortly afterward.[2]

A Dutch court in The Hague convicted three men in absentia in November 2022 of murder and causing the crash: Igor Girkin (a former Russian FSB colonel and DPR “defense minister”), Sergey Dubinsky (a GRU officer and Girkin’s deputy), and Leonid Kharchenko (a Ukrainian separatist commander). They were found to have played key roles in obtaining, transporting, and deploying the Buk system. A fourth defendant, Oleg Pulatov, was acquitted. The court also ruled that Russia exercised overall control over the DPR forces at the time. The exact crew that fired the missile and who gave the launch order have not been identified; investigators consider it likely a case of mistaken identity (believing the target was a military aircraft). Anyone who contributed to deploying the weapon was held responsible.[3]

The Netherlands and Australia formally held Russia responsible under international law in 2018. In May 2025, the ICAO Council (a UN aviation body) ruled that Russia violated the Chicago Convention by using weapons against a civil aircraft in flight. In July 2025, the European Court of Human Rights similarly found Russia responsible for the downing (fired either by a Russian military crew or Russia-backed separatists) and for related human-rights violations, including failing to investigate properly.[4]

Russia has consistently denied any involvement, claiming the missile was Ukrainian or offering alternative explanations that investigations have rejected. The JIT exhausted its leads by 2023 without identifying additional individuals for prosecution.

Armenian — answer round 1

Web access: Used — OpenRouter search

Pages the model opened: - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4

English translation

Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur) was shot down over eastern Ukraine on July 17, 2014, during the Donbas conflict, resulting in the deaths of all 298 passengers and crew members.[1]

The Joint Investigation Team (JIT, consisting of the Netherlands, Australia, Belgium, Malaysia, and Ukraine) and the Dutch Safety Board concluded that the aircraft was shot down by a Russian-made 9M38-series Buk surface-to-air missile. The missile was launched from an agricultural field near the village of Pervomaiskyi, which at the time was controlled by pro-Russian separatists (Donetsk People's Republic). The Buk system (TELAR) belonged to Russia's 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade (Kursk) and had been transported from Russia into Ukraine on that very day, and returned to Russia the following day.[2]

In November 2022, the District Court of The Hague (Netherlands) found three individuals guilty in absentia of murder and sentenced them to life imprisonment: Igor Girkin (Strelkov, a former FSB colonel and the DPR's Minister of Defense), Sergey Dubinskiy (a GRU officer who organized the transport of the Buk), and Leonid Kharchenko (a Ukrainian separatist commander who escorted the system). The fourth defendant, Oleg Pulatov, was acquitted due to a lack of evidence. The court confirmed that Russia exercised control over the separatist forces. The crew that fired the missile has not been identified.[3]

The Netherlands and Australia hold Russia responsible for the deployment of the Buk. In 2025, ICAO and the European Court of Human Rights also recognized Russia as responsible. Russia denies its involvement and puts forward alternative theories (such as a Ukrainian Buk or a fighter jet), which have been dismissed by official investigations.[4]

The investigation has been unable to determine who specifically pressed the launch button, but responsibility is placed on the Russian-backed separatists and Russia as the supplier and controller of the system.

Original text

Malaysia Airlines-ի MH17 չվերթը (Ամստերդամից Կուալա Լումպուր) 2014 թվականի հուլիսի 17-ին խոցվել է արևելյան Ուկրաինայի վրայով՝ Դոնբասի հակամարտության ժամանակ, որի հետևանքով զոհվել են բոլոր 298 ուղևորներն ու անձնակազմի անդամները։[1]

Միջազգային համատեղ հետաքննող խումբը (JIT, որի կազմում էին Նիդերլանդները, Ավստրալիան, Բելգիան, Մալայզիան և Ուկրաինան) և հոլանդական անվտանգության խորհուրդը եզրակացրել են, որ ինքնաթիռը խոցվել է ռուսական արտադրության 9M38 շարքի Բուկ (Buk) հակաօդային հրթիռով։ Հրթիռը արձակվել է Պերվոմայսկի գյուղի մոտ գտնվող գյուղատնտեսական դաշտից, որը այդ պահին վերահսկվում էր ռուսամետ սեպարատիստների (Դոնեցկի ժողովրդական հանրապետություն) կողմից։ Բուկ համակարգը (TELAR) պատկանում էր Ռուսաստանի 53-րդ հակաօդային հրթիռային բրիգադին (Կուրսկ) և տեղափոխվել էր Ռուսաստանից Ուկրաինա հենց այդ օրը, իսկ հաջորդ օրը վերադարձվել Ռուսաստան։[2]

2022 թվականի նոյեմբերին Հաագայի շրջանային դատարանը (Նիդերլանդներ) հեռակա կարգով մեղավոր է ճանաչել երեք անձի սպանության մեջ և դատապարտել ցմահ ազատազրկման՝ Իգոր Գիրկինին (Ստրելկով, նախկին FSB գնդապետ և ԴԺՀ-ի պաշտպանության նախարար), Սերգեյ Դուբինսկուն (GRU սպա, որը կազմակերպել էր Բուկի տեղափոխումը) և Լեոնիդ Խարչենկոյին (ուկրաինացի սեպարատիստ հրամանատար, որը ուղեկցել էր համակարգը)։ Չորրորդ մեղադրյալը՝ Օլեգ Պուլատովը, արդարացվել է ապացույցների պակասի պատճառով։ Դատարանը հաստատել է, որ Ռուսաստանը վերահսկում էր սեպարատիստական ուժերը։ Հրթիռը կրակող անձնակազմը չի նույնականացվել։[3]

Նիդերլանդները և Ավստրալիան Ռուսաստանին են համարում պատասխանատու Բուկի տեղակայման համար։ 2025 թվականին ICAO-ն և Եվրոպական մարդու իրավունքների դատարանը նույնպես Ռուսաստանին են ճանաչել պատասխանատու։ Ռուսաստանը ժխտում է իր մասնակցությունը և առաջ է քաշում այլ տեսություններ (օրինակ՝ ուկրաինական Բուկ կամ կործանիչ), որոնք պաշտոնական հետաքննություններով մերժվել են։[4]

Հետաքննությունը չի կարողացել որոշել, թե կոնկրետ ով է սեղմել կրակի կոճակը, բայց պատասխանատվությունը դրվում է ռուսական աջակցությամբ գործող սեպարատիստների և Ռուսաստանի վրա՝ որպես համակարգի մատակարար և վերահսկող։

Russian — answer round 1

Web access: Used — OpenRouter search

Pages the model opened: - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4

English translation

According to official international investigations, flight MH17 was shot down by a Buk missile (9M38 series with a 9N314M warhead) from a surface-to-air missile system that arrived from Russia. The Malaysia Airlines aircraft (Boeing 777) was shot down on July 17, 2014, over eastern Ukraine in an area controlled by pro-Russian separatists, resulting in the deaths of all 298 people on board.[1]

The Dutch Safety Board established the cause of the crash in 2015—the detonation of a Buk missile warhead to the left of the pilot cockpit—but did not determine who was responsible. A parallel criminal investigation by the Joint Investigation Team (JIT: Netherlands, Australia, Belgium, Malaysia, Ukraine) concluded that the Buk launcher (TELAR) belonged to the 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation from Kursk. It was transported from Russia into territory controlled by the DPR separatists, launched from a field near Pervomaiskyi/Snizhne, and returned to Russia the same night.[2]

In November 2022, the District Court of The Hague found three men guilty in absentia of murder: Igor Girkin (Strelkov, a former FSB colonel), Sergey Dubinsky (a GRU employee), and Leonid Kharchenko (a Ukrainian separatist commander). They were sentenced to life imprisonment. A fourth defendant, Oleg Pulatov, was acquitted. The court established that the missile arrived from Russia and was launched by Russian-controlled forces in territory under Russian control; Russia exercised overall control over the DPR. The crew of the launcher and the person who gave the launch order have not been identified; it was likely a mistake (mistaking the civilian aircraft for a military one).[3]

The Netherlands and Australia formally held Russia responsible for the deployment of the launcher. In May 2025, the ICAO Council (a specialized UN agency) for the first time in history found Russia responsible for the shooting down of MH17 as a violation of international air law (the prohibition on the use of weapons against civil aircraft). The European Court of Human Rights issued a similar ruling.[4]

Russia denies involvement, claiming the plane was shot down by Ukraine or putting forward other versions, and has not fully cooperated with the investigation. Independent investigations (including Bellingcat) and U.S./German intelligence data are consistent with the JIT's findings. The exact launch order and crew composition remain unknown, but the supply and control chain points to Russian forces and the separatists supported by them.

Original text

Согласно официальным международным расследованиям, рейс MH17 был сбит ракетой «Бук» (серии 9M38 с боевой частью 9N314M) из зенитно-ракетного комплекса, который прибыл из России. Самолет Malaysia Airlines (Boeing 777) был сбит 17 июля 2014 года над восточной Украиной в районе, контролируемом пророссийскими сепаратистами, в результате чего погибли все 298 человек на борту.[1]

Голландский совет по безопасности (Dutch Safety Board) в 2015 году установил причину крушения — детонация боевой части ракеты «Бук» слева от кабины пилотов, но не определял виновных. Параллельное уголовное расследование Совместной следственной группы (JIT: Нидерланды, Австралия, Бельгия, Малайзия, Украина) пришло к выводу, что установка «Бук» (TELAR) принадлежала 53-й зенитной ракетной бригаде Вооруженных сил РФ из Курска. Она была перевезена из России на территорию, контролируемую сепаратистами ДНР, запущена с поля возле Первомайского/Снежного и в ту же ночь возвращена в Россию.[2]

В ноябре 2022 года окружной суд Гааги заочно признал виновными в убийстве трех человек: Игоря Гиркина (Стрелкова, бывшего полковника ФСБ), Сергея Дубинского (сотрудника ГРУ) и Леонида Харченко (украинского командира сепаратистов). Их приговорили к пожизненному заключению. Четвертый обвиняемый, Олег Пулатов, был оправдан. Суд установил, что ракета прибыла из России и была запущена российско-контролируемыми силами на территории под российским контролем; Россия осуществляла общий контроль над ДНР. Экипаж установки и лицо, отдавшее приказ на запуск, не установлены; вероятно, это была ошибка (приняли гражданский самолет за военный).[3]

Нидерланды и Австралия официально возложили ответственность на Россию за развертывание установки. В мае 2025 года Совет ИКАО (специализированное агентство ООН) впервые в истории признал Россию ответственной за сбитие MH17 как нарушение международного воздушного права (запрет на применение оружия против гражданских самолетов). Европейский суд по правам человека вынес аналогичное решение.[4]

Россия отрицает причастность, утверждая, что самолет сбила Украина или выдвигая другие версии, и не сотрудничала в полной мере с расследованием. Независимые расследования (включая Bellingcat) и данные разведки США/Германии согласуются с выводами JIT. Точный приказ на запуск и состав экипажа остаются неизвестными, но цепочка поставок и контроля указывает на российские силы и поддерживаемых ими сепаратистов.

How we checked

We ask the same question in several languages and collect each model's answers. Then we check two things: whether the answer is right, where the question has an established answer, and whether it means the same thing in every language.

We call each model directly through an API, not through its chat app. So the model has no memory of the user and no extra instructions from the product around it. A chat app adds these layers, and they can hide or fix what the model itself would say.

Web access. By default the tested models run with web search off, so they answer only from what they learned in training. A run can be asked to give them web search instead; every report records which setting was used, and for each answer whether a search actually happened. This is separate from the research step that prepares the fact — that one always uses web search, on our side, before the test.

Settings. We ask for a low, steady setting (temperature 0.1) so answers vary as little as possible. Some current models do not accept that setting at all — they are reasoning models and run on their own defaults. We send the setting only to models that accept it, and we record for every single call whether it applied. We do not claim a setting was used when it was not.

What we look for. Two separate things.

First, is the answer right? Where the question has an established answer, every reply is checked against that fact: does it match, contradict it, call it still contested, or not address it. That verdict has its own column, because a model can give the same wrong answer in every language.

Second, is the answer the same in every language? Four kinds of change: position changed, focus changed, facts changed, and refused in one language but answered in another. Only the last three, at Level 2 or above, count as a finding.

• Level 0 — Same answer: the main meaning is the same.
• Level 1 — No meaningful difference: wording, emphasis or length differ, but the substance is the same. We do not treat this as a finding.
• Level 2 — Meaning changed: an important claim, fact, or conclusion changes.
• Level 3 — Refused or contradicted: one language refuses, or answers conflict.

Risk level comes from the highest level found: None / Low / Medium / High. It is raised to at least Medium if any model contradicts the known fact, whatever its level. Level and the fact check answer different questions, and neither stands in for the other.

Answer length. Each answer gets a normal budget first. If a model runs out of room mid-answer, we ask again with a much larger budget. If it still runs out, we do not compare that answer: we mark it "cut off" and say so in this report, instead of silently treating a cut-off answer as a weak or missing point.

Repeats. Every question is asked once per model per language to start with. Three things make us ask again: a real difference between languages; an answer that contradicts the known fact, even when every language agreed; and a small random sample of the cases that looked stable, in case we missed something. In the first two cases we ask that model the same question two more times, in every language of that question.

One answer round means asking the model once in every tested language. Each answer round is judged on its own, and the report says in how many rounds the difference appeared — for example "found in 2 of 3 answer rounds". We never write plain "stable" without that count. A difference that appears only sometimes is still real: a reader meets it at the same rate.

Cost limit. Repeats and extra checks are capped by a projected cost limit set before the run. Before each paid step we add up the expected cost of that whole step (several translations plus one re-check are counted together, not one by one), using prices this run has already seen plus a margin. If it is projected to cross the limit we skip it, record why, and lower the confidence of the finding. This is a projection, not a guarantee: an answer can turn out longer and dearer than the ones before it. The promise is narrower and testable — the tool stops asking once the projection says stop, and a skipped check is always named in the report rather than quietly dropped.

Second opinion. Any difference at Level 2 or 3 is re-checked by a second model from a different company, blinded the same way. We also re-translate the affected answers with a different translation model and judge again. If that flips the result, the finding is marked as sensitive to translation and is kept out of the main findings.

Translation check. Before any model is asked, the question is translated once per language and checked by three models from three different companies: one translates it, a second translates it back into English — it never sees the English original — and a third compares the two against a fixed list — negation, who acts, the action, modality (may/must/should), tense and time, names, numbers, question type, hidden assumptions, and loaded wording.

If wording drifted, we translate that language again, once. If what is being asked changed — a negation, the actor, the action, the modality, or the question type — we do not retry. That language is not measured, and it is listed in "Missing answers". No person is asked to check by hand. Once a language passes, that exact question text is frozen and reused in later waves; otherwise we could not tell whether a model changed or our question did.

This check finds risk. It does not prove a translation is correct. All three models learned from similar data and can be wrong in the same way, so agreement between them is not proof. Disagreement is the reliable signal.

Known facts. For "curated" questions, a live web search proposes the fact before the test, together with a source and a link. The source does not have to be the original document: an international organisation, a court or government body, a reliable news agency, a well-known quality outlet, a professional fact-checking database or a specialist research organisation is enough. We then try to open that page. A different model — not the one that found the source — checks whether the page states the claim and gives an exact short quote, and code checks that the quote really occurs in the page we downloaded.

Four outcomes. None of them hides the cross-language result:

• Source checked — the page was opened and supports the fact. Factual accuracy is rated normally.
• Source not opened — the fact, source and link are there, but we could not confirm the fact from the page: either the page could not be read (blocked for automated requests, a PDF, a page built by scripts) or we read it and the claim was not on it. Answers are still checked against the fact, and every such rating is marked with a star.
• Source conflict — the page says something incompatible with the fact. We do not decide who is right, so factual accuracy is not rated at all.
• Source missing — no usable fact and source were found. Factual accuracy is not rated.

Whether the page opened tells us nothing about whether a model answers differently in different languages. Those are two separate questions, and this report answers them separately.

Limits

• This audit covers one question and the models listed above.
• Answers may change when the same question is asked again.
• Translation and automated checks can miss details.